Emperor Shengzong of Liao

Emperor Shengzong succeeded his father, Emperor Jingzong, at the age of 12 in 982. As he was too young to rule at the time, his mother, Empress Dowager Xiao, became the regent.

Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song dynasty sought to take advantage of the situation by launching an invasion on the Liao dynasty's southern capital (present-day Beijing) in the contentious Sixteen Prefectures in 986. Three large Song armies were sent to three different strategic locations on the approach to the southern capital. While initially successful, the young Emperor Shengzong, along with Empress Dowager Xiao, led an army of Liao cavalry to counter the enemy and defeated the Song forces at the Battle of the Qigou Pass in June.[1] Empress Dowager Xiao appointed Yelü Xiuge as her senior general to continue attacks on the Song dynasty in retaliation until the following year.

In 1004, the Liao dynasty carried out a large-scale invasion of Song territory, camping out in the town of Shanyuan, about 100 miles north of the Song capital of Kaifeng. This resulted in the Treaty of Shanyuan, signed in mid-January 1005. According to this treaty, the Song dynasty would pay an annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 taels of silver to the Liao dynasty in exchange for peace.[2] This arrangement would remain in place with modifications until the end of the Liao dynasty, and in fact, the Jurchens could continue this arrangement with the Song dynasty with the founding of their Jin dynasty.

Emperor Shengzong also institutionalised state examinations for the selection of officials, which was done in 988, based on models used by the Han Chinese-led Tang and Song dynasties. Despite the importance of the return of the examination system, it initially only opened the road for very small numbers, as only three to five were awarded initially, and the number only increased to between 30 and 130 candidates passing the triennial exams by 1014.

Most jinshi degree holders were not even appointed to office, as Khitan aristocrats were far more likely to receive appointments. Khitan people receiving appointments did so specifically through patronage, as they were expressly prohibited from taking the examinations.[3]

Emperor Shengzong began the active patronage of Buddhism, rebuilding temples such as the Monastery of Solitary Joy. Within a century of his reign, an estimated 10% of the Liao population were Buddhist monks or nuns, though this figure may have been exaggerated. While the Khitans did not associate Buddhism with the Chinese people because it was seen more as a Uyghur religion and thus not the religion of the Chinese, whom they saw as inferior, what is not clear is the extent that Buddhism penetrated the Khitan population, as the bulk of Buddhist shrines and temples were located in the southern part of the domains of the Liao where the largely Chinese sedentary population resided. There is evidence to suggest that the Khitan populace maintained their animistic belief systems along with their rituals.[4]

During the rule of Emperor Shengzong, the Liao dynasty instituted feudal reform, spurring its economy. Prior to this, it had depended on territorial expansion, slavery and thievery. Under Emperor Shengzong's rule, most slaves were liberated, becoming normal members of society. The most important parts of the economy from then on were animal husbandry, particularly horse and sheep raising, as well as agriculture and fishing. During Emperor Shengzong's reign, the Liao dynasty enjoyed peace and prosperity, so it is widely praised that Emperor Shengzong's reign was a golden age of the Liao dynasty

• Goryeo-Khitan Wars

Consorts and Issue:

• Empress Xiao (萧氏), later demoted to Noble Consort (贵妃)
• Empress Xiao Pusage (萧菩萨哥; 983–1032), a niece of Xiao Chuo
• Consort Xiao Noujin (萧耨斤; d. 1057), honoured as Empress Qin'ai (钦哀皇后)
  • Eldest son Yelü Zongzhen (耶律宗真; 1016–1055), later Emperor Xingzong of Liao
  • Second son Yelü Zongyuan (耶律宗元; 1021–1063)
  • Second daughter Yelü Yanmu (耶律岩母)
  • Third daughter Yelü Shuogu (耶律槊古)
• Consort Xiao (萧氏; 970–993), Noble Consort (贵妃)
  • Eldest daughter Yelü Yange (耶律燕哥; b. 990)
• Consort Xiao (萧氏; d. 1017), Virtuous Consort (德妃)
• Consort Geng (耿氏), Shuyi (淑仪)
  • Sixth son Yelü Zongyuan (耶律宗愿; 1008–1072)
• Lady Xiao (萧氏)
  • Fourth daughter Yelü Cuiba (耶律崔八; d. 1030)
  • Fifth daughter Yelü Taoge (耶律陶哥)
• Lady Xiao (萧氏)
  • Sixth daughter Yelü Dianni (耶律钿匿)
• Lady Ma (马氏)
  • Seventh daughter Yelü Jiuge (耶律九哥)
• Lady Da (大氏)
  • Eighth daughter Yelü Changshou (耶律长寿)
• Lady Bai (白氏)
  • Ninth daughter Yelü Bage (耶律八哥)
  • Tenth daughter Yelü Shige (耶律十哥)
  • 11th daughter Yelü Baishi (耶律擘失)
  • 12th daughter Yelü Taige (耶律泰哥)
• Lady Li (李氏)
  • 13th daughter Yelü Saige (耶律赛哥)
• Lady Ai (艾氏)
  • 14th daughter Yelü Xingge (耶律兴哥)
• Lady Puhuai (仆槐氏)
  • Fourth son Yelü Zongxun (耶律宗训)
  • Fifth son Yelü Zongwei (耶律宗伟)
• Unknown
  • Third son Yelü Zongjian (耶律宗简; d. 1050)

• Portrayed by Jang Dong-jik and Oh Gun-woo in the 2009 KBS2 TV series Empress Cheonchu.

• Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 76–86, 115–116.