Epstein–Barr virus vaccine

A vaccine against Epstein–Barr virus is not yet available.[1] The virus establishes latent infection and causes infectious mononucleosis. It is a dual-tropic virus, causing infection of both B cells and epithelial cells. One challenge is that the Epstein–Barr virus expresses very different proteins during its lytic and its latent phases.

Epstein–Barr virus vaccine
Vaccine description
Target diseaseEpstein–Barr virus
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none

Several clinical trials for a vaccine were conducted in 2006–2008.[2][3][4] The viral proteins Gp350/220 are a primary target,[5] but this would only block infection of B cells, not epithelial cells. A vaccine called MVA-EL has been also proposed as a target for EBV-positive cancers, but this would only be effective in combating EBV-related cancers, not the EBV infection itself.[6] VLP (virus-like particles)-based EBV vaccines are also the subject of intensive research.[7]

In April 2018, the first human antibody that blocks Epstein-Barr Virus was discovered, called AMMO1.[8] It blocks glycoproteins gH and gL. This discovery defines new sites of vulnerability on Epstein-Barr Virus, and neutralizes the dual-tropic infection (stopping both infection of B cells and epithelial cells). It is the most promising discovery to date, as it is the first that may be able to block both B cell infection and epithelial infection.[9] As of February 2020, Moderna had a preclinical Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vaccine in the pipeline (mRNA-1189)

References
  1. Sokal EM, Hoppenbrouwers K, Vandermeulen C, Moutschen M, Léonard P, Moreels A, et al. (December 2007). "Recombinant gp350 vaccine for infectious mononucleosis: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy young adults". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 196 (12): 1749–53. doi:10.1086/523813. PMID 18190254.
  2. Crawford DH, Macsween KF, Higgins CD, Thomas R, McAulay K, Williams H, et al. (August 2006). "A cohort study among university students: identification of risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus seroconversion and infectious mononucleosis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (3): 276–82. doi:10.1086/505400. PMID 16804839.
  3. Elliott SL, Suhrbier A, Miles JJ, Lawrence G, Pye SJ, Le TT, et al. (February 2008). "Phase I trial of a CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope-based vaccine for infectious mononucleosis". Journal of Virology. 82 (3): 1448–57. doi:10.1128/JVI.01409-07. PMC 2224445. PMID 18032491.
  4. Moutschen M, Léonard P, Sokal EM, Smets F, Haumont M, Mazzu P, et al. (June 2007). "Phase I/II studies to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant gp350 Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy adults". Vaccine. 25 (24): 4697–705. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.008. PMID 17485150.
  5. "WHO | Viral Cancers". Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  6. Taylor GS, Haigh TA, Gudgeon NH, Phelps RJ, Lee SP, Steven NM, Rickinson AB (January 2004). "Dual stimulation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell responses by a chimeric antigen construct: potential therapeutic vaccine for EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Journal of Virology. 78 (2): 768–78. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.2.768-778.2004. PMC 368843. PMID 14694109.
  7. "Epstein-Barr virus and cancer: New tricks from an old dog". www.sciencedaily.com. 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  8. Snijder J, Ortego MS, Weidle C, Stuart AB, Gray MD, McElrath MJ, et al. (April 2018). "An Antibody Targeting the Fusion Machinery Neutralizes Dual-Tropic Infection and Defines a Site of Vulnerability on Epstein-Barr Virus". Immunity. 48 (4): 799–811.e9. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.026. PMC 5909843. PMID 29669253.
  9. "First human antibody found to block Epstein-Barr virus". Fred Hutch. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
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