Euler numbers

Following two formulas express the Euler numbers in terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind[1] [2]

${\displaystyle E_{r}=2^{2r-1}\sum _{k=1}^{r}{\frac {(-1)^{k}S(r,k)}{k+1}}\left(3\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{(k)}-\left({\frac {3}{4}}\right)^{(k)}\right),}$

${\displaystyle E_{2l}=-4^{2l}\sum _{k=1}^{2l}(-1)^{k}\cdot {\frac {S(2l,k)}{k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {3}{4}}\right)^{(k)},}$

where ${\displaystyle S(r,k)}$ denotes the Stirling numbers of the second kind, and ${\displaystyle x^{(n)}=(x)(x+1)\cdots (x+n-1)}$ denotes the rising factorial.

Following two formulas express the Euler numbers as double sums[3]

${\displaystyle E_{2k}=(2k+1)\sum _{\ell =1}^{2k}(-1)^{\ell }{\frac {1}{2^{\ell }(\ell +1)}}{\binom {2k}{\ell }}\sum _{q=0}^{\ell }{\binom {\ell }{q}}(2q-\ell )^{2k},}$

${\displaystyle E_{2k}=\sum _{i=1}^{2k}(-1)^{i}{\frac {1}{2^{i}}}\sum _{\ell =0}^{2i}(-1)^{\ell }{\binom {2i}{\ell }}(i-\ell )^{2k}.}$

An explicit formula for Euler numbers is:[4]

${\displaystyle E_{2n}=i\sum _{k=1}^{2n+1}\sum _{j=0}^{k}{\binom {k}{j}}{\frac {(-1)^{j}(k-2j)^{2n+1}}{2^{k}i^{k}k}},}$

where i denotes the imaginary unit with i² = −1.

The Euler number E_2n can be expressed as a sum over the even partitions of 2n,[5]

${\displaystyle E_{2n}=(2n)!\sum _{0\leq k_{1},\ldots ,k_{n}\leq n}{\binom {K}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{n}}}\delta _{n,\sum mk_{m}}\left(-{\frac {1}{2!}}\right)^{k_{1}}\left(-{\frac {1}{4!}}\right)^{k_{2}}\cdots \left(-{\frac {1}{(2n)!}}\right)^{k_{n}},}$

as well as a sum over the odd partitions of 2n − 1,[6]

${\displaystyle E_{2n}=(-1)^{n-1}(2n-1)!\sum _{0\leq k_{1},\ldots ,k_{n}\leq 2n-1}{\binom {K}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{n}}}\delta _{2n-1,\sum (2m-1)k_{m}}\left(-{\frac {1}{1!}}\right)^{k_{1}}\left({\frac {1}{3!}}\right)^{k_{2}}\cdots \left({\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n-1)!}}\right)^{k_{n}},}$

where in both cases K = k₁ + ··· + k_n and

${\displaystyle {\binom {K}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{n}}}\equiv {\frac {K!}{k_{1}!\cdots k_{n}!}}}$

is a multinomial coefficient. The Kronecker deltas in the above formulas restrict the sums over the ks to 2k₁ + 4k₂ + ··· + 2nk_n = 2n and to k₁ + 3k₂ + ··· + (2n − 1)k_n = 2n − 1, respectively.

As an example,

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{10}&=10!\left(-{\frac {1}{10!}}+{\frac {2}{2!\,8!}}+{\frac {2}{4!\,6!}}-{\frac {3}{2!^{2}\,6!}}-{\frac {3}{2!\,4!^{2}}}+{\frac {4}{2!^{3}\,4!}}-{\frac {1}{2!^{5}}}\right)\\[6pt]&=9!\left(-{\frac {1}{9!}}+{\frac {3}{1!^{2}\,7!}}+{\frac {6}{1!\,3!\,5!}}+{\frac {1}{3!^{3}}}-{\frac {5}{1!^{4}\,5!}}-{\frac {10}{1!^{3}\,3!^{2}}}+{\frac {7}{1!^{6}\,3!}}-{\frac {1}{1!^{9}}}\right)\\[6pt]&=-50\,521.\end{aligned}}}$

E_2n is given by the determinant

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{2n}&=(-1)^{n}(2n)!~{\begin{vmatrix}{\frac {1}{2!}}&1&~&~&~\\{\frac {1}{4!}}&{\frac {1}{2!}}&1&~&~\\\vdots &~&\ddots ~~&\ddots ~~&~\\{\frac {1}{(2n-2)!}}&{\frac {1}{(2n-4)!}}&~&{\frac {1}{2!}}&1\\{\frac {1}{(2n)!}}&{\frac {1}{(2n-2)!}}&\cdots &{\frac {1}{4!}}&{\frac {1}{2!}}\end{vmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}}$

E_2n is also given by the following integrals:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(-1)^{n}E_{2n}&=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{2n}}{\cosh {\frac {\pi t}{2}}}}\;dt=\left({\frac {2}{\pi }}\right)^{2n+1}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2n}}{\cosh x}}\;dx\\[8pt]&=\left({\frac {2}{\pi }}\right)^{2n}\int _{0}^{1}\log ^{2n}\left(\tan {\frac {\pi t}{4}}\right)\,dt=\left({\frac {2}{\pi }}\right)^{2n+1}\int _{0}^{\pi /2}\log ^{2n}\left(\tan {\frac {x}{2}}\right)\,dx\\[8pt]&={\frac {2^{2n+3}}{\pi ^{2n+2}}}\int _{0}^{\pi /2}x\log ^{2n}(\tan x)\,dx=\left({\frac {2}{\pi }}\right)^{2n+2}\int _{0}^{\pi }{\frac {x}{2}}\log ^{2n}\left(\tan {\frac {x}{2}}\right)\,dx.\end{aligned}}}$