Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal

The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal concerned the obtaining of the personal data of millions of Facebook users without their consent by British consulting firm Cambridge Analytica, predominantly to be used for political advertising.[1] The data were collected through an app called "This Is Your Digital Life", developed by data scientist Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global Science Research in 2013.[2] The app consisted of a series of questions to build psychological profiles on users, and collected the personal data of the users’ Facebook friends via Facebook's Open Graph platform.[2] The app harvested the data of up to 87 million Facebook profiles.[2] Cambridge Analytica used the data to provide analytical assistance to the 2016 presidential campaigns of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump.[3][4]

A user of the Cambridge Analytica and Facebook product

Information about the data misuse was disclosed in 2018 by Christopher Wylie, a former Cambridge Analytica employee, in interviews with The Guardian and The New York Times.[5] In response, Facebook apologized for their role in the data harvesting and their CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified in front of Congress.[5] In July 2019, it was announced that Facebook were to be fined $5 billion by the Federal Trade Commission due to its privacy violations.[6] In October 2019, Facebook agreed to pay a £500,000 fine to the UK Information Commissioner's Office for exposing the data of its users to a "serious risk of harm".[7] In May 2018, Cambridge Analytica filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.[8]

The scandal sparked an increased public interest in privacy and social media's influence on politics. The online movement #DeleteFacebook trended on Twitter.[9] The Russo brothers are producing an upcoming film on the scandal, starring Paul Bettany.[10]

Overview
Part of a series on
Facebook
History
Timeline
Acquisitions
Criticism
Features

Aleksandr Kogan, a data scientist at the University of Cambridge, was hired by Cambridge Analytica, an offshoot of SCL Group, to develop an app called "This Is Your Digital Life" (sometimes stylized as "thisisyourdigitallife").[11][12] Cambridge Analytica then arranged an informed consent process for research in which several hundred thousand Facebook users would agree to complete a survey for payment that was only for academic use.[11][13] However, Facebook allowed this app not only to collect personal information from survey respondents but also from respondents’ Facebook friends.[11] In this way, Cambridge Analytica acquired data from millions of Facebook users.[11]

The collection of personal data by Cambridge Analytica was first reported in December 2015 by Harry Davies, a journalist for The Guardian. He reported that Cambridge Analytica was working for United States Senator Ted Cruz using data harvested from millions of people's Facebook accounts without their consent.[14] Further reports followed in November 2016 by McKenzie Funk for the New York Times Sunday Review,[15] December 2016 by Hannes Grasseger and Mikael Krogerus for the Swiss publication Das Magazin (later translated and published by Vice),[16] in February 2017 by Carole Cadwalladr for The Guardian (starting in February 2017),[17] and in March 2017 by Mattathias Schwartz for The Intercept.[18] According to PolitiFact, Trump paid Cambridge Analytica in September, October, and November for data on Americans and their political preferences.[19]

Information on the data breach came to a head in March 2018 with the emergence of a whistleblower, an ex-Cambridge Analytica employee Christopher Wylie. He had been an anonymous source for an article in 2017 in The Observer by Cadwalladr, headlined "The Great British Brexit Robbery".[13] Cadwalladr worked with Wylie for a year to coax him to come forward as a whistleblower.[20] She later brought in Channel 4 News in the UK and The New York Times due to legal threats against The Guardian and The Observer by Cambridge Analytica.[21] Kogan's name change to Aleksandr Spectre, which resulted in the ominous "Dr. Spectre", added to the intrigue and popular appeal of the story.[22][23]

The Guardian and The New York Times published articles simultaneously on March 17, 2018.[24][25] More than $100 billion was knocked off Facebook's market capitalization in days[26] and politicians in the US and UK demanded answers from Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The negative public response to the media coverage eventually led to him agreeing to testify in front of the United States Congress.[27] Meghan McCain drew an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and Barack Obama's 2012 presidential campaign;[28][29][30] PolitiFact, however, alleged that this data was not used in an unethical way, since Obama's campaign used this data to “have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends” rather than using this data for highly targeted digital ads on websites such as Facebook.[31]

Data characteristics

Numbers

Wired, The New York Times, and The Observer reported that the data-set had included information on 50 million Facebook users.[32][33] While Cambridge Analytica claimed it had only collected 30 million Facebook user profiles,[34] Facebook later confirmed that it actually had data on potentially over 87 million users,[35] with 70.6 million of those people from the United States.[36] Facebook estimated that California was the most affected U.S. state, with 6.7 million impacted users, followed by Texas, with 5.6 million, and Florida, with 4.3 million.[37] Data was collected on 87 million users while only 270,000 people downloaded the app.[32]

Information

Facebook sent a message to those users believed to be affected, saying the information likely included one's "public profile, page likes, birthday and current city."[38] Some of the app's users gave the app permission to access their News Feed, timeline, and messages.[39] The data was detailed enough for Cambridge Analytica to create psychographic profiles of the subjects of the data.[33] The data also included the locations of each person.[33] For a given political campaign, each profile's information suggested what type of advertisement would be most effective to persuade a particular person in a particular location for some political event.[33][40]

Data use

Ted Cruz campaign
Ted Cruz Campaign

In 2016, Ted Cruz hired Cambridge Analytica to aid his presidential campaign.[41] The Federal Election Commission reported that Cruz paid the company $5.8 million in services.[41] Although Cambridge Analytica was not well known at the time, this is when it started to create individual psychographic profiles.[41] This data was then used to create tailored advertisements for each person to sway them into voting for Cruz.[41]

Donald Trump campaign
Donald Trump Campaign Slogan

Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign utilized the harvest data to build psychographic profiles, determining users' personality traits based on their Facebook activity.[42] The campaign team used this information as a micro-targeting technique, displaying customized messages about Trump to different US voters on various digital platforms.[43] Ads were segmented into different categories, mainly based on whether individuals were Trump supporters or potential swing votes.[43] Supporters of Trump received triumphant visuals of him, as well as information regarding polling stations.[43] Swing voters were instead often shown images of Trump’s more notable supporters and negative graphics or ideas about his opponent, Hillary Clinton.[43] For example, the collected data was specifically used by “Make America Number 1 Super PAC” to attack Clinton through constructed advertisements that attempted to highlight the corruption of Clinton as a way of propping up Trump as a better candidate for presidency.[19]

However, a former Cambridge Analytica employee claims that the use of the illicitly-obtained data by the Trump campaign has not been proven. Brittany Kaiser was asked "Is it absolutely proven that the Trump campaign relied on the data that had been illicitly obtained from Facebook?" She responded: "It has not been proven, because the difficult thing about proving a situation like that is that you need to do a forensic analysis of the database".[44]

Russia

In 2018, the Parliament of the United Kingdom questioned SCL Group director Alexander Nix in a hearing about Cambridge Analytica's connections with Russian oil company, Lukoil.[45] Nix stated he had no connections to the two companies despite concerns that the oil company was interested in how the company's data was used to target American voters.[45] Cambridge Analytica had become a point of focus in politics since its involvement in Trump's campaign at this point.[45] Democratic officials made it a point of emphasis for improved investigation over concerns of Russian ties with Cambridge Analytica. It was later confirmed by Christopher Wylie that Lukoil was interested in the company's data regarding political targeting.[45]

Brexit

Cambridge Analytica was allegedly hired as a consultant company for Leave.EU and the UK Independence Party during 2016, as an effort to convince people to support Brexit.[46] These rumors were the result of the leaked internal emails that were sent between Cambridge Analytica firm and the British parliament.[47] Brittany Kaiser declared that the datasets that Leave.EU utilize to create databases were provided by Cambridge Analytica.[48] These datasets composed of the data obtained from Facebook were said to be work done as an initial job deliverable for them. Although Arron Banks, co-founder of Leave.EU, denied any involvement with the company, he later declared “When we said we’d hired Cambridge Analytica, maybe a better choice of words could have been deployed."[49]

Responses

Facebook and other companies
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg first apologized for the situation with Cambridge Analytica on CNN,[50] calling it an "issue", a "mistake" and a "breach of trust". He explained that he was responding to the Facebook community's concerns and that the company's initial focus on data portability had shifted to locking down data; he also reminded the platform's users of their right of access to personal data.[51] Other Facebook officials argued against calling it a "data breach," arguing those who took the personality quiz originally consented to give away their information.[52] Zuckerberg pledged to make changes and reforms in Facebook policy to prevent similar breaches.[53] On March 25, 2018, Zuckerberg published a personal letter in various newspapers apologizing on behalf of Facebook.[54] In April, Facebook decided to implement the EU's General Data Protection Regulation in all areas of operation and not just the EU.[55]

In April 2018, Facebook established Social Science One as a response to the event.[56] On April 25, 2018, Facebook released their first earnings report since the scandal was reported. Revenue fell since the last quarter, but this is usual as it followed the holiday season quote. The quarter revenue was the highest for a first quarter, and the second overall.[57]

Amazon said that they suspended Cambridge Analytica from using their Amazon Web Services when they learned in 2015 that their service was collecting personal information.[58] The Italian banking company UniCredit stopped advertising and marketing on Facebook in August 2018.[59]

Governmental actions

The governments of India[60][61] and Brazil[62][63] demanded that Cambridge Analytica report how anyone used data from the breach in political campaigning, and various regional governments in the United States have lawsuits in their court systems from citizens affected by the data breach.[64]

In early July 2018, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office announced it intended to fine Facebook £500,000 ($663,000) over the data breach, this being the maximum fine allowed at the time of the breach, saying Facebook "contravened the law by failing to safeguard people's information".[65]

In March 2019, a court filing by the U.S. Attorney General for the District of Columbia alleged that Facebook knew of Cambridge Analytica's "improper data-gathering practices" months before they were first publicly reported in December 2015.[66]

In July 2019, the Federal Trade Commission voted to approve fining Facebook around $5 billion to finally settle the investigation into the data breach, with a 3–2 vote.[6] The record-breaking settlement was one of the largest penalties ever assessed by the U.S. government for any violation.[67]

Again, in July 2019, Facebook has agreed to pay $100 million to settle with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for "misleading investors about the risks it faced from misuse of user data".[68] The SEC's complaint alleged that Facebook did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years despite discovering the misuse of its users’ information in 2015.[68]

Impact on Facebook users and investors

Since April 2018, the first full month since the breaking of the Cambridge Analytica data breach, the number of likes, posts and shares on the site had decreased by almost 20%, and has decreased ever since, with the aforementioned activity only momentarily increasing during the summer and during the 2018 US midterm elections.[69] Despite this, user growth of the site has increased in the period since increased media coverage, increasing by 1.8% during the final quarter of 2018.[70]

On March 26, 2018, a little after a week after the story was initially published, Facebook stock fell by about 24%, equivalent to $134 billion. By May 10, Wall Street reported that the company recovered their losses.[71]

#DeleteFacebook movement
Brittany Kaiser

The public reacted to the data privacy breach by initiating the campaign #DeleteFacebook with the aim of starting a movement to boycott Facebook. The co-founder of WhatsApp, which is owned by Facebook, joined in on the movement by declaring it was time to delete the platform.[9] The hashtag was tweeted almost 400,000 times Twitter within a 30-day period after news of the data breach.[72] 93% of the mentions of the hashtag actually appeared on Twitter, making it the main social media platform used to share the hashtag.[73] However, a survey by investment firm Raymond James found that although approximately 84% of Facebook users were concerned about how the app used their data, about 48% of those surveyed claimed they wouldn't actually cut back on their usage of the social media network.[74] Additionally, in 2018, Mark Zuckerberg commented that he didn't think the company had seen "a meaningful number of people act" on deleting Facebook.[74]

An additional campaign and hashtag, #OwnYourData, was coined by Brittany Kaiser.[75] The hashtag was created by Kaiser as a Facebook campaign that pushed for increased transparency on the platform.[76] #OwnYourData was also used in Kaiser's petition for Facebook to alter their policies and give users increased power and control over their data, which she refers to as users’ assets and property.[75] In addition to the hashtag, Kaiser also created the Own Your Data Foundation to promote increased digital intelligence education.[77]

The Great Hack

The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal also received media coverage in the form of a 2019 Netflix documentary, The Great Hack.[78] This is the first feature-length media piece that ties together the various elements of the scandal through a narrative.[78] The documentary provides information on the background information and events related to Cambridge Analytica, Facebook, and the 2016 election that resulted in the overall data scandal.[79] The Great Hack communicates the experiences and personal journeys of multiple individuals that were involved in the event in different ways and through different relationships.[78][79] These individuals include David Carroll, Brittany Kaiser, and more.[79] David Carroll is a New York professor in the field of media that attempted to navigate the legal system in order to discover what data Cambridge Analytica had in possession about him.[79] Meanwhile, Brittany Kaiser is a former Cambridge Analytica employee that ultimately became a whistleblower for the data scandal.[79]

Witness and expert testimony

The United States Senate Judiciary Committee called witnesses to testify about the data breach and general data privacy.[27][80] They held two hearings, one focusing on Facebook's role in the breach and privacy on social media, and the other on Cambridge Analytica's role and its impact in data privacy. The former was held on April 10, 2018, where Mark Zuckerberg testified and Senator Chuck Grassley and Senator Dianne Feinstein gave statements.[81] The latter occurred on May 16, 2018, where Professor Eitan Hersh, Dr. Mark Jamison, and Christopher Wylie testified, while Senators Grassley and Feinstein again made statements.[82]

Mark Zuckerberg

During his testimony before Congress on April 10, 2018, Zuckerberg said it was his personal mistake that he did not do enough to prevent Facebook from being used for harm. "That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections and hate speech". During the testimony, Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized for the breach of private data: "It was my mistake, and I’m sorry. I started Facebook, I run it, and I’m responsible for what happens here".[83]

Zuckerberg said that in 2013 Aleksandr Kogan had created a personality quiz app, which was installed by 300,000 people.[84] The app was then able to retrieve Facebook information, including that of the users' friends, and this was obtained by Kogan. It was not until 2015 that Zuckerberg learned that these users' information was shared by Kogan with Cambridge Analytica. Cambridge Analytica was subsequently asked to remove all the data. It was later discovered by The Guardian, The New York Times and Channel 4 that the data had in fact not been deleted.[85]

Eitan Hersh

In 2015, Professor Eitan Hersh published Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters,[86] which analyzed the databases used for campaigns between 2008 and 2014. On May 6, 2018, Eitan Hersh, a professor of political science at Tufts University[87] testified before Congress as an expert on voter targeting.[88]

Hersh claimed that the voter targeting by Cambridge Analytica did not excessively affect the outcome of the 2016 election because the techniques used by Cambridge Analytica were similar to those of presidential campaigns well before 2016. Further, he claimed that the correlation between user “likes” and personality traits were weak and thus the psychological profiling of users were also weak.[88]

Mark Jamison

Dr. Mark Jamison, the director and Gunter Professor of the Public Utility Research Center at the University of Florida, testified before Congress on May 6, 2018 as an expert.[89] Jamison reiterated that it was not unusual for presidential campaigns to use data like Facebook's data to profile voters; Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush also used models to micro-target voters.[90] Jamison criticized Facebook for not being “clear and candid with its users” because the users were not aware of the extent that their data would be used. Jamison finished his testimony by saying that if the federal government were to regulate voter targeting to happen on sites like Facebook, it would harm the users of those sites because it would be too restrictive of those sites and would make things worse for regulators.[91]

Christopher Wylie
Christopher Wylie during Cambridge Analytica protest.

On May 16, 2018, Christopher Wylie, who is considered the “whistleblower” on Cambridge Analytica and also served as Cambridge Analytica's Director of Research in 2013 and 2014,[92] also testified to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee.[93] He was considered a witness to both British and American authorities, and he claims he decided to whistle-blow to “protect democratic institutions from rogue actors and hostile foreign interference, as well as ensure the safety of Americans online.”[80] He claimed that at Cambridge Analytica “anything goes” and that Cambridge Analytica was “a corrupting force in the world.” He detailed to Congress how Cambridge Analytica used Facebook's data to categorize people into groups based on political ideology.[94] He also claimed that Eitan Hersh contradicted “copious amounts of peer-reviewed literature in top scientific journals, including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Psychological Science, and Journal of Personality and Individual Differences” by saying that Facebook's categorizing of people were weak.[95]

Christopher Wylie also testified about Russian contact with Cambridge Analytica and the campaign, voter disengagement, and his thoughts on Facebook's response.[95]

Aftermath

Following the downfall of Cambridge Analytica, a number of related companies have been established by people formerly affiliated with Cambridge Analytica, including Emerdata Limited and Auspex International.[96] At first, Julian Wheatland, the former CEO of Cambridge Analytica and former director of many SCL-connected firms, stated that they did not plan on reestablishing the two companies. Instead, the directors and owners of Cambridge and its London-based parent SCL group strategically positioned themselves to be acquired in the face of bankruptcy procedures and lawsuits. While employees of both companies dispersed to successor firms, Cambridge and SCL were acquired by Emerdata Limited, a data processing company. Wheatland responded to news of this story and emphasized that Emerdata would not inherit SCL companies’ existing data or assets and that this information belongs to the administrators in charge of the SCL companies’ bankruptcy. David Carroll, an American professor who sued Cambridge, stated that Emerdata was aiming to conceal the scandals and minimize further criticism. Carroll's lawyers argued that Cambridge's court administrators were acting unlawfully by liquidating the company's assets prior to a full investigation being performed. While these administrators subjected SCL Group to criminal injury and a $26,000 fine, a U.K. court denied Carroll's lawsuit, allowing SCL to disintegrate without turning over his data.

See also

References
  1. Chan, Rosalie. "The Cambridge Analytica whistleblower explains how the firm used Facebook data to sway elections". Business Insider. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  2. Meredith, Sam (April 10, 2018). "Facebook-Cambridge Analytica: A timeline of the data hijacking scandal". CNBC. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  3. Confessore, Nicholas (April 4, 2018). "Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  4. Smith, Allan. "There's an open secret about Cambridge Analytica in the political world: It doesn't have the 'secret sauce' it claims". Business Insider. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  5. Gilbert, Alexandra Ma, Ben. "Facebook understood how dangerous the Trump-linked data firm Cambridge Analytica could be much earlier than it previously said. Here's everything that's happened up until now". Business Insider. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  6. "Facebook to be fined $5bn for Cambridge Analytica privacy violations – reports | Facebook | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
  7. "Facebook agrees to pay Cambridge Analytica fine to UK". BBC. October 30, 2019. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  8. "Cambridge Analytica files for bankruptcy in U.S. following Facebook debacle". Reuters. May 18, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  9. Chen, Brian X. (March 21, 2018). "Want to #DeleteFacebook? You Can Try". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  10. "Exclusive: Paul Bettany to Co-Star in Cambridge Analytica Drama From 'Avengers' Team". The Observer. March 13, 2020.
  11. Graham-Harrison, Emma; Cadwalladr, Carole (March 17, 2018). "Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018.
  12. "Facebook says 300,000 Australians may have had their data 'improperly shared'". ABC News. April 5, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  13. Cadwalladr, Carole (May 7, 2017). "The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  14. Davies, Harry (December 11, 2015). "Ted Cruz campaign using firm that harvested data on millions of unwitting Facebook users". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016.
  15. Funk, McKenzie (November 19, 2016). "Opinion | Cambridge Analytica and the Secret Agenda of a Facebook Quiz (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  16. Krogerus, Hannes Grassegger & Mikael (January 28, 2017). "The Data That Turned the World Upside Down". Vice. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  17. Cadwalladr, Carole (February 26, 2017). "Revealed: how US billionaire helped to back Brexit". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  18. Schwartz, Mattathias (March 30, 2017). "Facebook Failed to Protect 30 Million Users From Having Their Data Harvested by Trump Campaign Affiliate". The Intercept. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  19. "PolitiFact - Trump campaign used Cambridge Analytica in final months of campaign". @politifact. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  20. "British investigative journalist Carole Cadwalladr sticks it to the gods of Silicon Valley in Vancouver TED talk". The Georgia Straight. April 17, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  21. Judah, Ben. "Britain's Most Polarizing Journalist". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  22. "Who is Dr Aleksandr Kogan, the Cambridge academic accused of misusing Facebook data?". varsity.co.uk. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  23. "Cambridge Analytica's Shady Professor "Dr. Spectre" Is a Perfect Trump Villain". spin.com. March 19, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  24. Rosenberg, Matthew; Confessore, Nicholas; Cadwalladr, Carole (March 17, 2018). "How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  25. Cadwalladr, Carole; Graham-Harrison, Emma (March 17, 2018). "Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  26. Neate, Rupert (July 26, 2018). "Over $119bn wiped off Facebook's market cap after growth shock". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  27. Watson, Chloe (April 11, 2018). "The key moments from Mark Zuckerberg's testimony to Congress". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  28. "Funny, When Obama Harvested Facebook Data On Millions Of Users To Win In 2012, Everyone Cheered". Investor's Business Daily. March 19, 2018.
  29. "Why Are We Only Now Talking About Facebook And Elections?". Forbes. March 19, 2018.
  30. "Former Facebook staffer, Obama campaign boss reveal concerns about Facebook data". News.com.au. March 21, 2018.
  31. "Comparing Facebook data use by Obama, Cambridge Analytica". PolitiFact. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  32. "Facebook Exposed 87 Million Users to Cambridge Analytica". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  33. Rosenberg, Matthew; Confessore, Nicholas; Cadwalladr, Carole (March 17, 2018). "How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018.
  34. "Facebook to send Cambridge Analytica data-use notices to 87 million users today". NBC News. Associated Press. April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  35. Kozlowska, Hanna (April 4, 2018). "The Cambridge Analytica scandal affected 87 million people, Facebook says". Quartz. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  36. Horwitz, Josh (April 5, 2018). "Outside US, Philippines saw most Facebook user data go to Cambridge Analytica". Quartz. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  37. Nieva, Richard (June 13, 2018). "Most Facebook users hit by Cambridge Analytica scandal are Californians". CNET. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  38. Coulter, Martin. "Find out if your Facebook data was shared with Cambridge Analytica". Evening Standard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  39. "Cambridge Analytica Could Also Access Private Facebook Messages". Wired. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  40. Katyal, Sonia K. (2019). "Artificial Intelligence, Advertising, and Disinformation". Advertising & Society Quarterly. 20 (4). doi:10.1353/asr.2019.0026. ISSN 2475-1790.
  41. Samsel, Patrick Svitek and Haley (March 20, 2018). "Ted Cruz says Cambridge Analytica told his presidential campaign its data use was legal". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  42. Rosenberg, Matthew; Confessore, Nicholas; Cadwalladr, Carole (March 17, 2018). "How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  43. Lewis, Paul; Hilder, Paul (March 23, 2018). "Leaked: Cambridge Analytica's blueprint for Trump victory". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  44. "The Future Of Cyber Security Conference 24/9/20 - Brittany Kaiser on Cambridge Analytica & Trump" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWqlXlxxYzE
  45. Hakim, Danny; Rosenberg, Matthew (March 17, 2018). "Data Firm Tied to Trump Campaign Talked Business With Russians". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  46. "What are the links between Cambridge Analytica and a Brexit campaign group?". Reuters. March 22, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  47. Hern, Alex (July 30, 2019). "Cambridge Analytica did work for Leave. EU, emails show". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  48. Weaver, Matthew (April 17, 2018). "Cambridge Analytica: ex-director says firm pitched detailed strategy to Leave.EU". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  49. Scott, Mark (July 30, 2019). "Cambridge Analytica did work for Brexit groups, says ex-staffer". POLITICO. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  50. Deagon, Brian (March 23, 2018). "Facebook Stock Troubles Didn't Start With Data Scandal". Investors Business Daily. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  51. "Mark Zuckerberg in his own words: The CNN interview". CNNMoney. March 21, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  52. Glum, Julia (March 22, 2018). "Was Your Facebook Data Actually 'Breached'? Depends On Who You Ask". Money. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  53. Lee, Dave (March 22, 2018). "Facebook's Zuckerberg speaks out over Cambridge Analytica 'breach'". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  54. McKenzie, Sheena (March 25, 2018). "Facebook's Zuckerberg says sorry in full-page newspaper ads". CNN. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  55. Rahman, Mishaal (April 4, 2018). "Amidst data scandal, Facebook will voluntarily enforce EU's new privacy rules "everywhere"". xda-developers. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  56. "Our Facebook Partnership". socialscience.one. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  57. Kozlowska, Hanna. "Facebook steamrolled over the Cambridge Analytica scandal, posting another record quarter". Quartz. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  58. Schwartz, Mattathias (March 30, 2017). "Facebook Failed to Protect 30 Million Users From Having Their Data Harvested by Trump Campaign Affiliate". The Intercept. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  59. "UniCredit has stopped using Facebook for advertising: CEO". Reuters. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  60. "Christopher Wylie names Congress as Cambridge Analytica client; 10 updates". Business Standard India. March 28, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  61. Hebbar, Prajakta (March 29, 2018). "Cambridge Analytica Controversy: IT Ministry Issues Notice To Facebook". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  62. Editorial, Reuters (March 21, 2018). "Brazil prosecutors open investigation into Cambridge Analytica". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  63. Biller, David (March 21, 2018). "Cambridge Analytica's Brazil Partner Asks to Suspend Deal". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  64. Farivar, Cyrus (March 25, 2018). "Facebook accused of massive fraud in new lawsuit filed by Cook County". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  65. "Facebook is slapped with the first fine for Cambridge Analytica scandal". Washington Post. July 10, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  66. Wong, Julia Carrie (March 22, 2019). "Facebook acknowledges concerns over Cambridge Analytica emerged earlier than reported". The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  67. "FTC's $5 billion Facebook settlement: Record-breaking and history-making". www.ftc.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  68. "SEC.gov | Facebook to Pay $100 Million for Misleading Investors About the Risks It Faced From Misuse of User Data". www.sec.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  69. Hern, Alex (June 20, 2019). "Facebook usage falling after privacy scandals, data suggests". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  70. Gartenberg, Chaim (January 30, 2019). "Facebook keeps growing despite scandals and privacy outrage". The Verge. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  71. "Facebook stock recovers all $134B lost after Cambridge Analytica data scandal". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  72. Zetlin, Minda (March 29, 2018). "Did You Actually #DeleteFacebook? Neither Did Most Users". Inc.com. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  73. Data source: Google Trends (https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2018-01-01%202020-01-01&geo=US&q=%23deletefacebook)
  74. Guynn, Jessica. "Delete Facebook? It's a lot more complicated than that". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  75. Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (July 24, 2019). "Brittany Kaiser Now: Where Is She Today & How Old Is She?". Heavy.com. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  76. Murdock, Jason (April 17, 2018). "Who is Brittany Kaiser? Cambridge Analytica whistleblower teases new revelations". Newsweek. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  77. "Own Your Data Foundation". ownyourdata.foundation. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  78. Cadwalladr, Carole (July 20, 2019). "The Great Hack: the film that goes behind the scenes of the Facebook data scandal". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  79. "Documentary: 'The Great Hack'". NPR.org. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  80. "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  81. "Facebook, Social Media Privacy, and the Use and Abuse of Data | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  82. "Cambridge Analytica and the Future of Data Privacy | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  83. "Facebook, Social Media Privacy, and the Use and Abuse of Data | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  84. Salinas, Sara (March 21, 2018). "Zuckerberg on Cambridge Analytica: 'We have a responsibility to protect your data, and if we can't then we don't deserve to serve you'". CNBC. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  85. "Mark Zuckerberg's Written Testimony to the House of Representatives" (PDF).
  86. Hersh, Eitan (June 9, 2015). Hacking the electorate : how campaigns perceive voters. ISBN 978-1-107-10289-7. OCLC 921817268.
  87. "Eitan Hersh | Department of Political Science". as.tufts.edu. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  88. "Eitan Hersh's Written Testimony to the Senate" (PDF).
  89. "Getting to Know Mark Jamison, President-elect Trump's FCC Transition Team Co-Leader". Benton Foundation. December 2, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  90. "AEI Tech Scholar Mark Jamison testifies today on Cambridge Analytica and the future of data privacy". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  91. "Mark Jamison's Written Testimony to the Senate" (PDF).
  92. Cadwalladr, Carole (March 18, 2018). "'I made Steve Bannon's psychological warfare tool': meet the data war whistleblower". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  93. "Senators Grill Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower Christopher Wylie". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  94. Wylie, Christopher (October 4, 2019). "How I Helped Hack Democracy". Intelligencer. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  95. "Christopher Wylie's Written Testimony to the Senate" (PDF).
  96. Cambridge Analytica staff set up new firm, BBC
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.