Father of the House
Father of the House is a title that has been traditionally bestowed, unofficially, on certain members of some legislatures, most notably the House of Commons in the United Kingdom. In some legislatures the title refers to the longest continuously-serving member, while in others it refers to the oldest member. Recently, the title Mother of the House or Mother of Parliament has also been used, although the usage varies between countries; it is either the female alternative to Father of the House, being applied when the relevant member is a woman, or refers to the oldest or longest-serving woman without reference to male members.
United Kingdom
The Father of the House is a title that is bestowed on the senior member of the House of Commons who has the longest continuous service.[1][2] If two or more members have the same length of current uninterrupted service, then whoever was sworn in earlier, as listed in Hansard, is named as Father of the House.[3] Traditionally, however, the qualifications used for the Father of the House are not entirely clear and may have included the oldest member, the member with the longest aggregate service, or the member who entered the House longest ago.[2]
The only formal duty of the Father of the House is to preside over the election of the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Father of the House may also participate in ceremonial events, and is the second member to be sworn in after the Speaker. At the election of the Speaker and dissolution of parliament in November 2019, the Father of the House of Commons was Kenneth Clarke representing the Rushcliffe constituency, formerly a member of the Conservative Party before becoming an Independent MP in 2019, and not standing again in the subsequent election.[4] Clarke began his continuous service at the 1970 general election. Dennis Skinner, Labour MP for Bolsover, also began continuous service at the 1970 general election, but was sworn in minutes after Clarke.[5][6][3]
The first recorded usage of the title dates back to 1816 an engraved portrait of Whitshed Keene by Charles Picart, dated 1 February. Henry Campbell-Bannerman was simultaneously Father of the House and Prime Minister from May 1907 until soon before his death during April 1908.[2] On 13 June 2017, Harriet Harman was dubbed "Mother of the House" by Prime Minister Theresa May, in recognition of her status as the longest-continuously-serving woman MP.[7]
Australia
The titles "Father of the House" and "Father of the Senate" are sometimes used to refer to the members of each chamber of the Parliament of Australia with the longest continuous service.[8] The current Father of the House is Kevin Andrews (MP since 1991) and the current Father of the Senate is Kim Carr (senator since 1993). Incumbent MP Warren Snowdon was first elected to parliament in 1987, but his service has not been continuous (he was out of parliament between 1996 and 1998); because of this, he is not granted the title.[8]
According to House of Representatives Practice, the title Father of the House is a "completely informal designation" with "no functions attached to it".[9] The equivalent publication for the Senate, Odgers' Australian Senate Practice, describes the title Father of the Senate as "now seldom referred to or used". It also notes that "as no woman senator has ever been in this situation, it is not clear what the title would be in that circumstance".[10]
Canada
The longest-serving member of the House of Commons who is not a cabinet minister is known as the Dean of the House, and presides over the election of the Speaker at the beginning of each Parliament. As of September 2019, the current Dean of the House is Bloc Québécois MP Louis Plamondon, who was first elected to the Commons as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1984.
European Parliament
Until 2009, the oldest member of the European Parliament presided over the opening of a new session and the election of the President of the European Parliament.[11]
Finland
| Member | Born | Entered parliament | Became oldest member |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iisakki Hoikka | 1840 | 1907 | 1907–1908 |
| John Hedberg | 1840 | 1908 | 1908–1909 |
| Leo Mechelin | 1839 | 1910 | 1910–1913 |
| John Hedberg | 1840 | 1908 | 1914 |
| Axel Lille | 1848 | 1916 | 1917 |
| Rabbe Wrede | 1851 | 1910 | 1917–1918 |
| Wilhelmi Malmivaara | 1854 | 1907 | 1919 |
| Artur Wuorimaa | 1854 | 1907 | 1920–1921 |
| Waldemar Bergroth | 1852 | 1917 | 1922–1926 |
| Juho Torppa | 1859 | 1907 | 1927–1929 |
| Anders Forsberg | 1864 | 1924 | 1929–1930 |
| Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | 1861 | 1907 | 1930–1931 |
| K. J. Ståhlberg | 1865 | 1908 | 1932 |
| Matti Paasivuori | 1866 | 1907 | 1933–1935 |
| Miina Sillanpää | 1866 | 1907 | 1936–1947 |
| Akseli Brander | 1876 | 1933 | 1948–1950 |
| Väinö Tanner | 1881 | 1907 | 1951–1953 |
| Matti Lahtela | 1881 | 1930 | 1954–1957 |
| Väinö Tanner | 1881 | 1907 | 1958–1961 |
| Raino Hallberg | 1890 | 1951 | 1962–1965 |
| Kustaa Tiitu | 1896 | 1945 | 1966–1969 |
| Rafael Paasio | 1903 | 1948 | 1970–1975 |
| Evald Häggblom | 1905 | 1966 | 1975, 1976 |
| V. J. Sukselainen | 1906 | 1948 | 1976–1978 |
| Mikko Kaarna | 1911 | 1960 | 1979–1982 |
| Tuure Junnila | 1910 | 1951 | 1983–1986 |
| Johannes Virolainen | 1914 | 1945 | 1987–1989 |
| Tuure Junnila | 1910 | 1951 (again 1990) | 1990 |
| Maunu Kohijoki | 1923 | 1987 | 1991–1994 |
| Martti Tiuri | 1925 | 1983 | 1995–2002 |
| Kalevi Lamminen | 1935 | 1987 | 2003–2006 |
| Claes Andersson | 1937 | 1987 | 2007–2008 |
| Jacob Söderman[12] | 1938 | 1972 | 2008[13][14] - 2010 |
| Kauko Tuupainen | 1940 | 2011 | 2011–2013 |
| Jörn Donner | 1933 | 1987 (again 2013) | 2014 |
| Pertti Salolainen | 1940 | 1970 | 2015–2018 |
| Erkki Tuomioja | 1946 | 1970 | 2019 – |
Germany
Starting with the Frankfurter Nationalversammlung (Frankfurt Parliament) of 1848, all German parliaments had a father of the House, usually called Alterspräsident (President by right of age). This tradition was continued into the Weimar Republic and, after being discontinued in Nazi Germany, was resumed by the present Parliament (Bundestag) in the Federal Republic, whose rules of procedure mandate that the father of the house presides over the Parliament (Bundestag) at the start of each legislative period.
In accordance with tradition, the Alterspräsident first ascertains himself that he is indeed the oldest member of the Bundestag by stating his date of birth and asking if anyone is present, who was born before this date. If no older member of the Bundestag is present he will formally declare that he indeed is the Alterspräsident and will start proceedings. (In 2017, as explained below, the position was changed to refer to the longest sitting member. Accordingly, a prospective Alterspräsident states the number of years he or she has served in the Bundestag and asking if anyone has served more years.)
The Alterspräsident then delivers the first programmatic speech and supervises the election of the President of the Bundestag, to whom he then immediately yields his power. The newly elected President will in turn supervise the elections of the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag.
The rules of order of the Bundestag also state that the Alterspräsident shall preside over sessions of the Bundestag at any given time during a legislative period, if the whole Presidium (i.e. the President and the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag) is altogether unable to perform its duties.
As the Alterspräsident's opening speech usually draws a certain amount of public attention, the position has recently attracted controversy, when the Party of Democratic Socialism (the succcesor of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany) obtained the position by including aged independents (Stefan Heym in 1994, Fred Gebhardt in 1998) in their party lists. In 2017, the Bundestag changed its rules of procedure to have the member with the longest service in the Bundestag serve as father of the house, rather than the oldest member.[15]
| Bundestag | Name | Term | Parliamentary party |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1949–1953 | Paul Löbe (1875–1967) | 1949–1953 | SPD | longtime Reichstagspräsident during the Weimar Republic |
| 2 | 1953–1957 | Marie Elisabeth Lüders (1878–1966) | 1953–1957 | FDP | stood in for Konrad Adenauer, the oldest member, who refused the position due to his position as Chancellor |
| 3 | 1957–1961 | Marie Elisabeth Lüders | 1957–1961 | FDP | |
| 4 | 1961–1965 | Robert Pferdmenges (1880–1962) | 1961–1962 | CDU | |
| Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967) | 1963–1965 | CDU | assumed the position after his resignation as Chancellor | ||
| 5 | 1965–1969 | Konrad Adenauer | 1965–1967 | CDU | died in 1967 |
| William Borm (1895–1987) | 1967–1969 | FDP | |||
| 6 | 1969–1972 | William Borm | 1969–1972 | FDP | |
| 7 | 1972–1976 | Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977) | 1972–1976 | CDU | |
| 8 | 1976–1980 | Ludwig Erhard | 1976–1977 | CDU | died in 1977 |
| Johann Baptist Gradl (1904–1988) | 1977–1980 | CDU | |||
| 9 | 1980–1983 | Herbert Wehner (1906–1990) | 1980–1983 | SPD | |
| 10 | 1983–1987 | Willy Brandt (1913–1992) | 1983–1987 | SPD | stood in for Egon Franke, who refused the position |
| 11 | 1987–1990 | Willy Brandt | 1987–1990 | SPD | |
| 12 | 1990–1994 | Willy Brandt | 1990–1992 | SPD | died in 1992 |
| Alfred Dregger (1920–2002) | 1992–1994 | CDU | |||
| 13 | 1994–1998 | Stefan Heym (1913–2001) | 1994–1995 | PDS | resigned his seat in 1995 |
| Alfred Dregger | 1995–1998 | CDU | |||
| 14 | 1998–2002 | Fred Gebhardt (1928–2000) | 1998–2000 | PDS | died in 2000 |
| Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (born 1929) | 2000–2002 | SPD | |||
| 15 | 2002–2005 | Otto Schily (born 1932) | 2002–2005 | SPD | |
| 16 | 2005–2009 | Otto Schily | 2005–2009 | SPD | |
| 17 | 2009–2013 | Heinz Riesenhuber (born 1935) | 2009–2013 | CDU | |
| 18 | 2013–2017 | Heinz Riesenhuber | 2013–2017 | CDU | |
| 19 | 2017–present | Hermann Otto Solms (born 1940 and member of parliament for 33 years, 1980–2013 and since 2017) | 2017– | FDP | The first father of the house under the changed rules of procedure. Stood in for Wolfgang Schäuble (member of parliament for 45 years, since 1972), who was subsequently elected President of the Bundestag. |
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, there is no such term as "Father of the House". Instead, the longest-serving member was termed the Senior Unofficial Member and was the highest-ranking unofficial member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council until the title was abolished during 1995 and 1992 respectively.
After the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong, James To became the de facto longest-serving member of the Legislative Council since 2016 after several members who had been served since the 1st Legislative Council retired.
Hungary
In Hungary, the term országgyűlés korelnöke refers to the oldest member of the National Assembly (previously House of Representatives, the lower house). Before the open session, the senior chairperson and junior notaries review the mandates of all the elected MPs in addition to their own. He or she presides over the newly elected parliament until the appointment of the officials.
| Member | Party | Entered Parliament | Became oldest member | Left House | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Géza Malasits | MSZDP | 1924 | 1945 | 1948 † | |
| MDP | |||||
| Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám | FMDP | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | |
| Ferenc Harrer | Ind. | 1949 | 1949 | 1969 † | |
| Janka Stark | MSZMP | 1958 | 1969 | 1975 | |
| László Pesta | MSZMP | 1949 | 1975 | 1990 | |
| Kálmán Kéri | MDF | 1990 | 1990 | 1994 † | |
| Vince Vörös | FKGP | 1990 | 1994 | 1994 | |
| László Varga | KDNP | 1994 | 1994 | 2003 † | |
| Fidesz | |||||
| János Horváth | Fidesz | 1998 | 2003 | 2014 | |
| Béla Turi-Kovács | Fidesz | 1998 | 2014 | Incumbent | |
Israel
In the beginning of each Knesset, before the election of a permanent speaker, there is a temporary speaker. In the past it was the oldest member of Knesset, now it is the longest-serving member.
Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the term Father of the Dáil is an unofficial title applied to the longest-serving Teachta Dála (TD) in Dáil Éireann. The current Fathers of the Dáil are Richard Bruton and Willie O'Dea having both been first elected to the Dáil in the February 1982 general election. On a number of occasions, two or more people have shared the position of Father of the Dáil.
Malaysia
In Malaysia the term "Father of the House" is rarely used. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah who was elected during 1974, has been the longest-serving MP in the Dewan Rakyat. He was the oldest-serving MP aged 83 years, 9 months until former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad was reelected to the Dewan Rakyat at 95 years, 6 months of age.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the term "Father of the House" (alternatively, "Mother of the House"), as an unofficial title, designates the longest-continuously-serving MP of the House of Representatives. The Father of the House has no official role in Parliament. Former Cabinet Minister Nick Smith became the longest-serving member in March 2018, having served continuously since the 1990 general election.[16]
Russia
Traditionally when a new Russian parliament is formed the eldest deputy opens and manages the first session until a chairman is elected. In the history of the post-Soviet Dumas these were:
- 1993 Georgy Lukava - Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
- 1995 Grigory Galaziy - Our Home – Russia
- 1999 Yegor Ligachyov - Communist Party of the Russian Federation
- 2003 Valentin Varennikov - Rodina
- 2007 Zhores Alferov - Communist Party of the Russian Federation
- 2011 Vladimir Dolgikh - United Russia
- 2011 Zhores Alferov - Communist Party of the Russian Federation
- 2016 Zhores Alferov - Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Serbia
In the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, the oldest MP serves as the Acting Speaker presiding over the constitutive session, before the Speaker is elected.
- 2001 Zaharije Trnavčević - Democratic Party
- 2004 Velimir Simonović - Democratic Party of Serbia
- 2007 Borka Vučić - Socialist Party of Serbia
- 2008 Jovan Krkobabić - Party of United Pensioners of Serbia
- 2012 Zaharije Trnavčević - Rich Serbia
- 2014 Milan Korać - Party of United Pensioners of Serbia
- 2016 Dragoljub Mićunović - Democratic Party
Singapore
Until his death on 23 March 2015, former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was the longest-serving Member of Parliament (Tanjong Pagar) and thus the Father of the House.[17] As of April 2015, Emeritus Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong later became Father of the House, as the longest-serving MP (Marine Parade).[17] Upon Goh's retirement in 2020, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong is Father of the House having served since 1984.
Sweden
In Sweden the Riksdagsordningen law states that the member of the Riksdag who has held their elected seat for the longest shall be the Ålderspresident, which translates to President by age. The Ålderspresident acts as speaker of the Riksdag after each election, before the Speaker of the Riksdag has been elected. The Ålderspresident also acts as speaker in case of hindrance on behalf of the Speaker and all three Deputy Speakers.
Members of the Riksdag who has held the position of Ålderspresident since the abolition of bicameralism:
- Tage Erlander (first elected 1932) 1971–1973
- Torsten Nilsson (first elected 1941) 1973–1976
- Henry Allard (first elected 1945) 1976–1979
- Gunnar Sträng (first elected 1946) 1979–1985
- Ingemund Bengtsson (first elected 1951) 1985–1988
- Stig Alemyr (first elected 1957) 1988–1994
- Ingvar Carlsson (first elected 1965) 1994–1996
- Börje Nilsson (first elected 1965) 1996–1998
- Jan Bergqvist (first elected 1969) 1998–2002
- Anders Björck (first elected 1969) 2002–2003
- Bo Lundgren (first elected 1976) 2003–2004
- Lennart Nilsson (first elected 1976) 2004–2006
- Per Westerberg (first elected 1979) 2006–2014
- Göran Hägglund (first elected 1991) 2014–2015
- Krister Örnfjäder (first elected 1993) 2015–2018
- Beatrice Ask (first elected 1988) 2018–2019
- Tuve Skånberg (first elected 1991) 2020–present
United States
In the United States, the title "Father" of the House (although used for about a century starting in 1816[18]) does not exist, but in the lower house, the House of Representatives the position known as Dean of the House is almost exactly the same position—that is, it is a largely ceremonial position bestowed on the member with the longest continuous service. Less similar is the position in the Senate (the upper house) known as President Pro Tempore, the holder of which has since 1945 gained the position through seniority, but who also must be a member of the party holding a majority in the Senate.
Since 2017, the Dean of the House has been Don Young, who was elected to the House of Representatives in a special election in 1973. Young is the first Alaskan to hold the position.
See also
References
- "Father of the House: House of Commons Background Paper". House of Commons Library. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- "The Father of the House" (PDF). Factsheet M3. London: House of Commons Information Office. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- Moss, Stephen (2 May 2015). "Labour's Dennis Skinner at 83: 'Father of the House? You must be joking'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- "Boris Johnson to seek election after rebel Tories deliver Commons defeat". Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- "Members Sworn". Hansard. Hansard Digitisation Project. 30 June 1970. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- "Members Sworn". Hansard. Hansard Digitisation Project. 1 July 1970. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- "Election of Speaker". Hansard. UK: Commons. 13 June 2017.
- Green, Antony (20 March 2018). "Who will be the Father of the House when Philip Ruddock Retires?". ABC News. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- "Titles accorded to members". House of Representatives Practice (6th edition). Parliament of Australia. 2012.
- "Seniority of senators". Odgers' Australian Senate Practice (14th edition). Parliament of Australia. 2016.
- Traynor, Ian (6 May 2009). "MEPs deny Jean-Marie Le Pen parliamentary honour". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- Söderman toimi puhemiesvaalin toimittajana, koska Andersson oli sairauslomalla; Hs.fi: Sauli Niinistö jatkaa eduskunnan puhemiehenä. Viitattu 24.4.2015. (in Finnish)
- Eduskunta: Täysistunnon pöytäkirja PTK 1/2008 vp (in Finnish)
- Eduskunta: Täysistunnon pöytäkirja PTK 1/2009 vp (in Finnish)
- "Deutscher Bundestag - I. Wahl des Präsidenten, der Stellvertreter und Schriftführer".
- "Back to reality: Ardern has a daunting list to check off". Noted. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
- "Pressrun.net". www.pressrun.net.
- House.gov page "Deans/Fathers of the House"
External links
- Father of the House: House of Commons Background Paper, House of Commons Library, 2016