Forging temperature

Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. The forging temperature of an alloy will lie between the temperatures of its component metals. For most metals, forging temperature will be approximately 70% of the melting temperature in kelvins.

Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]

Material Forging Temperature
Celsius Fahrenheit
Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content 1230[2] 2246
Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) 1150 2102
Stainless steel (Magnetic) 1095 2003
Nickel 1095 2003
Titanium 955 1751
Copper 900 1652
Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) 815 1499
Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) 900 to 419.53 1652 to 787.154
Aluminium 300 - 480[4] 600 - 900
Zinc 419.53 787.154
Lead 327.46 621.428
Tin 231.93 449.474

See also

References
  1. "Metals - Melting Temperatures". The Engineering ToolBox.
  2. "Forging of Carbon Steels". Metal Pass.
  3. Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). "Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear" (PDF). Materials Chemistry and Physics. 112: 1099–1105.
  4. 'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248
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