Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The 14th Dynasty is sometimes combined with the 11th, 12th and 13th Dynasties in the period Middle Kingdom of Egypt, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the 15th Dynasty. More commonly, the 14th Dynasty is grouped with the 13th, 15th, 16th and 17th in the Second Intermediate Period.

Such are the gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty, that its absolute chronological position is debated and varies by as much as 75 years among authorities. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, c. 1805 BC, during or shortly after Sobekneferu's rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared its independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty thus lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, c. 1650 BC, i.e. lasting 155 years.

This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists such as Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben Tor and James and Susan Allen, who argue that the 14th Dynasty cannot have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, c. 1720 BC, after the reign of Sobekhotep IV.[2][3] In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels in which 14th Dynasty seals were discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e. after c. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well.[4]

Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars–among them, Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt–agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty.[1][5] The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from c. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power c. 1650 BC.[1]

The Manethonian tradition credits the Fourteenth Dynasty with as many as 76 kings ruling from Xois rather than Avaris. However, Egyptologist Kim Ryholt notes that the Turin Canon mentions only c. 56 kings and does not have enough space to have recorded over 70 kings. Ryholt also points to excavations at Avaris which revealed the existence of a large royal palace dating to the second intermediate period. One of its courtyards housed a statue of a king or high-ranking official, over twice life-sized, and wearing non-Egyptian attributes. For these reasons, Ryholt and most Egyptologists share the view that Avaris rather than Xois was the seat of power of the 14th Dynasty.[1]

The precise borders of the 14th Dynasty state are not known due to the general scarcity of monuments left by this dynasty. In his study of the second intermediate period however, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile delta, with its border located around Athribis in the western Delta and Bubastis in the east.[1]

Seals attributable to the 14th Dynasty have been found in Middle and Upper-Egypt, then 13th Dynasty territory, and as far south as Dongola, beyond the third cataract. To the north, seals have been found in the southern Levant, principally along the Mediterranean coast and as far north as Tell Kabri, in modern-day Israel.[1] This indicates the existence of an important trade with the 13th Dynasty, Canaanite city-states, and Nubia.[1] Ryholt further proposes that king Sheshi, whom he sees as a 14th dynasty ruler, married a Nubian princess, queen Tati, to strengthen relations with the Kushite kingdom.[1]

The order of rulers for this dynasty is established by the Turin Royal Canon and is widely accepted, except for the first five rulers, which are given below after Ryholt.[1] The names of these rulers is not given on the Turin Canon, except possibly for one, and Ryholt proposes that they were mentioned as wsf in the list, which denotes a lacuna in the original document from which the list was copied in the Ramesside period.[1] Rather, Ryholt identifies the first five kings thanks to a seriation of their seals. His conclusions are debated however in Ben Tor's study of the strata levels in which seals attributed to the first five kings have been found. Ben Tor concludes that Sheshi's, 'Ammu's and Yakbim's reigns date to the second half of the Hyksos 15th dynasty and are not contemporary with the 13th dynasty. Thus according to Ben Tor, these kings were most likely minor vassal rulers of the Hyksos kings reigning in the Nile Delta.[2]

Dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt (contested)

Name of King	Image	Dates	Comments
Yakbim Sekhaenre		1805 BC – 1780 BC or after 1650 BC	Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty
Ya'ammu Nubwoserre		1780 BC – 1770 BC	Chronological position is contested
Qareh Khawoserre		1770 BC – 1760 BC	Chronological position is contested
'Ammu Ahotepre		1760 – 1745 BC or after 1650 BC	Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty
Sheshi Maaibre		1745 BC – 1705 BC or after 1650 BC	Attested by over 300 scarab-seals, possibly married to queen Tati who was a Kushite. Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty

The following rulers are not controversial, being established by the Turin canon as well as, for a few of them, by contemporary sources:

Dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt

Name of King	Image	Dates	Comments
Nehesy Aasehre		1705 BC	Best attested king of the dynasty, he left his name on two monuments at Avaris. His name means "The Nubian".[6]
Khakherewre		1705 BC	-
Nebefawre		1704 BC	Turin canon: reigned 1 year, 5 months, 15 days
Sehebre			Turin canon: reigned 3 years [lost] months, 1 day
Merdjefare		ending 1699 BC	Attested by a single stela from Saft el-Hinna, in the Delta[7]
Sewadjkare III			Turin canon: reigned 1 year
Nebdjefare		ending 1694 BC	-
Webenre			-
Unknown			Lost in the Turin kinglist
[...]djefare			-
[...]webenre		ending 1690 BC	-
Awibre II			-
Heribre			-
Nebsenre			Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen. At least 5 months of reign.
Unknown			wsf in the Turin kinglist, indicating a lacuna in the document from which the list was copied
[...]re
Sekheperenre			With Nehesy, Nebsenre and Merdjefare, only undisputed king known from contemporary sources
Djedkherewre			-
Sankhibre II			-
Nefertum[...]re			-
Sekhem[...]re			-
Kakemure			-
Neferibre			-
I[...]re			-
Khakare			-
Akare			-
Hapu[...] Semenenre			-
Anati Djedkare			-
Babnum [...]kare			-
Unknown			Eight lines lost in the Turin kinglist
Senefer...re			-
Men[...]re			-
Djed[...]re			-
Unknown			Three lines lost in the Turin kinglist
Ink [...]			-
'A[...]			-
Apophis I (?)			-
Unknown			Five lines lost in the Turin kinglist

Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts and otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon may be dated to the 14th[1] or 15th Dynasty.[8] Their identities and chronological position remain unclear:

Possible dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt (unclear)

Name of King	Image	Attestations
Nuya		1 scarab-seal
Sheneh		3 scarab-seals
Shenshek		1 scarab-seal
Wazad		5 scarab-seals
Khamure		2 scarab-seals
Yakareb		2 scarab-seals
Merwoserre Yaqub-Har		27 scarab-seals

• K.S.B. Ryholt (1998). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C1800-1550 BC. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772894210.
• K.A. Kitchen (1993). Ramesside Inscriptions. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631184279.