Fourth Party

The Fourth Party was an informal label given to four British MPs, Lord Randolph Churchill, Henry Drummond Wolff, John Gorst and Arthur Balfour, who gained national attention by acting together in the 1880–1885 parliament. They attacked what they saw as the weakness of both the Liberal government and the Conservative opposition. They were all backbench members of the Conservative Party. The Fourth Party seized upon the Bradlaugh affair, expressing time and again the outrage felt by many Conservatives for Gladstone allowing an avowed atheist to sit in Parliament. They had the support of two thirds of the Conservative MPs[1] The Fourth Party also vigorously assaulted Gladstone regarding the Irish Land Bill of 1881.[2]

For the era in American politics, see Fourth Party System.
For visual effects studio, see 4th Creative Party.
"The Fourth Party" Churchill, Balfour, Drummond-Wolff and Gorst as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward) in Vanity Fair, December 1880

According to the report in The New York Times, they would "act as skirmishers to the main body, popping out here and there to fire a shot at the Government and being ostensibly rebuked but really supported by the Conservative leaders."[3]

The later Conservative Party faction known as the Hughligans was "a self-conscious attempt to recreate the 'Fourth Party'", according to Rhodri Williams.[4][5]

References
  1. Walter L. Arnstein, Bradlaugh Case: Atheism, Sex and Politics Among the Late Victorians (1983)
  2. Terence Andrew Jenkins (1996). Parliament, Party and Politics in Victorian Britain. Manchester UP. pp. 123–25. ISBN 9780719047473.
  3. "Timely English Topics: Temperance Success and Parliamentary Scenes". The New York Times. July 3, 1881. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  4. Dr Rhodri Williams (1991). Defending the Empire: The Conservative Party and British Defence Policy 1899-1915. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05048-8.

Further reading
  • Churchill, Winston. Lord Randolph Churchill (1906) pp 119–71. online
  • Harold Edward Gorst (1906). The Fourth Party. Smith, Elder.
  • Green, Ewen (2006). Balfour. pp. 22–26. ISBN 9781912208371.
  • Jenkins, Terence A. (1996). Parliament, Party and Politics in Victorian Britain. Manchester UP. pp. 123–25. ISBN 9780719047473.
  • Quinault, R. E. "Lord Randolph Churchill and Tory Democracy, 1880–1885." Historical Journal 22.1 (1979): 141-165.
  • Quinault, Roland E. "The Fourth Party and the Conservative Opposition to Bradlaugh 1880-1888." English Historical Review 91.359 (1976): 315-340. online
  • Zebel, Sydney H. Balfour: A political biography (1973) pp. 27– 44.



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