François Peyrard

Born in Velay (now Haute-Loire), he was a student at the Collège of Le Puy-en-Velay. Refusing to become priest, he first enrolled in the Gardes françaises in Paris. The notorious lack of discipline of this corps enables him to study "with the best teachers and well-known scientists" of Paris. He then started a career in 1786 as mathematics teacher.

He embraced immediately the ideas of the French Revolution. He was a member of the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) and of the "council of Paris" in 1792. The "Biography" of Michaud mentions he was "an ardent revolutionary" linked with activists of atheism (Cloots, Marechal).

1793 was a key year for him. Condorcet in charge of reforming the French Education was banned then executed and the educational system was wrecking. He was the presenter of a project of reform to a commission of top-level scientists including Vandermonde, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Monge, Lagrange. This project was the start for the creation of several high-schools and institutes. He had an important role during the period of the Convention : in charge with Monge and Lagrange to select the mathematics teachers for the newly created high-schools ("Grandes Ecoles"), in charge to evaluate "war weapons" and to conduct experiments on "projectiles shapes". In 1794, he attended a "representative of the nation" in a survey of "coal mines and weapons manufactures". The general inspector Monnet (de) met him during this mission and left a description of him in a memoir : " an extremely exalted head...and a witty person that never lacks of presence of mind ".

Peyrard lived and worked at the Hôtel de Lassay, where the École polytechnique was hosted between 1795 and 1805

He is appointed in April 1795 librarian of the École polytechnique (official name since September 1795). According to Albert de Rochas he made an excellent work, the library being the place to be in Paris for science research as from 1803. In less than 10 years, he had purchased as librarian approximately ten thousand books.

He is also in charge of publishing the Journal of the school. And he starts (likely pushed by Monge) the work for which he will have an international recognition : the gathering and the "proper" translation of ancient Greek mathematical works.

But his exalted, hot-tempered personality, his administrative indiscipline, his unusual way of life (he lives with his mistress), his permanent conflicts with the personnel are a problem for the direction. Guyton de Morveau drives him out from his apartment of the Hotel Lassay in 1803 for "lack of social propriety", claiming that he was "the scandal of the house" . In 1804, Napoleon imposes a military status to the school and the new governor, general Lacuée, determined to eliminate any trouble-maker, dismissed him in October 1804. He wrote a 54 pages memoir to disculp himself, that was analysed by Janis Langins, in a tribute from the École polytechnique's Library Historical Society (SABIX).

Probably under the recommendation of Monge, he is appointed professor of Mathématiques spéciales in 1805 at the Lycée Condorcet (Lycée Bonaparte at that time), one of the four recently created lycées of the French capital. Supported by the French Institute ("Institut de France") and many of the mathematicians he met, he continues his work on Greek geometry, which is now considered as one the major achievement in history of science during the Napoleonic period.

His end of career is difficult. He writes in the foreword of the third party of the Euclid's Elements that the loss of his daughter and granddaughter prevent him to work. The Bourbon Restoration depressed the republican activist he was. He died in 1822 at Hôpital Saint-Louis, a place reserved for destitute people.

The manuscript Vaticanus Graecus 190, its discovery and translation by Peyrard enable to obtain the definitive version of the Euclid's Elements

As mathematician, his main contributions are translations of Euclidean geometry[1] due to his great skills in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. His translations of Euclid's Elements are still considered as the best existing in French.

Since 1798, he has published a revised and augmented version of Bézout's lessons Cours de mathématiques, à l'usage de la marine et de l'artillerie. It was the reference and official textbook that "encompasses all the knowledge requested to apply for the École polytechnique. It has been printed continuously till 1836.

He provided a version of the Archimedes’s complete opus in 1807.

But his masterpiece is the publications of editions of Euclid's Elements that he pretends to have made "during his leisure time at Polytechnique". He was the first to identify in 1808[2] a previously unknown manuscript of Euclid called Vaticanus graecus 190, a missing part of Euclid's works, that he dug out of Napoléon’s booty from the Vatican. He released in 1814 a revised and definitive edition of the Elements, reviewed by Delambre, Lagrange and Legendre.

He wrote in the foreword of the third volume of his translation of Euclid's Elements that he had achieved the translation of the Apollonius of Perga works, that were never published.

He wrote a philosophical essay (Of Nature and its laws, 1793), translated two books from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (Female Preeminence.. and Of the Vanitie and Uncertaintie of Artes and Sciences) and the overall poetry of Horace. He is according to Michaud, a contributor to the Dictionnaire des Athées anciens et modernes ("Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Atheists") of Sylvain Maréchal.