Frank J. Tipler

Frank Jennings Tipler (born February 1, 1947) is an American mathematical physicist and cosmologist, holding a joint appointment in the Departments of Mathematics and Physics at Tulane University.[2] Tipler has written books and papers on the Omega Point based on Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's religious ideas, which he claims is a mechanism for the resurrection of the dead. He is also known for his theories on the Tipler cylinder time machine. George Ellis has argued that his theories are largely pseudoscience.[3]

Frank Jennings Tipler
Born (1947-02-01) February 1, 1947
Andalusia, Alabama[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
University of Maryland, College Park (PhD)
OccupationMathematical physicist
EmployerTulane University
Known forOmega Point Theory
Websitehttps://sse.tulane.edu/node/3550

Biography

Tipler was born in Andalusia, Alabama, to Frank Jennings Tipler Jr., a lawyer, and Anne Tipler, a homemaker.[1] From 1965 through 1969, Tipler attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he completed a Bachelor of Science degree in physics.[2] In 1976 he completed his PhD with the University of Maryland.[4][5] Tipler was next hired in a series of postdoctoral researcher positions in physics at three universities, with the final one being at the University of Texas, working under John Archibald Wheeler, Abraham Taub, Rainer K. Sachs, and Dennis W. Sciama.[2] Tipler became an Associate Professor in mathematical physics in 1981, and a full Professor in 1987 at Tulane University, where he has been a faculty member ever since.[2]

The Omega Point cosmology

The Omega Point is a term Tipler uses to describe a cosmological state in the distant proper-time future of the universe that he maintains is required by the known physical laws. According to this cosmology, it is required for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent that intelligent life take over all matter in the universe and eventually force its collapse. During that collapse, the computational capacity of the universe diverges to infinity and environments emulated with that computational capacity last for an infinite duration as the universe attains a solitary-point cosmological singularity. This singularity is Tipler's Omega Point.[6] With computational resources diverging to infinity, Tipler states that a society far in the future would be able to resurrect the dead by emulating all alternative universes of our universe from its start at the Big Bang.[7] Tipler identifies the Omega Point with God, since, in his view, the Omega Point has all the properties of God, claimed by most of the traditional religions.[7][8]

Tipler's argument that the omega point cosmology is required by the known physical laws is a more recent development that arose after the publication of his 1994 book The Physics of Immortality. In that book (and in papers he had published up to that time), Tipler had offered the Omega Point cosmology as a hypothesis, while still claiming to confine the analysis to the known laws of physics.[9]

Tipler defined the "final anthropic principle" (FAP) along with co-author physicist John D. Barrow in their 1986 book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle as a generalization of the anthropic principle thus:

Intelligent information-processing must come into existence in the Universe, and, once it comes into existence, will never die out.[10]

One paraphrasing of Tipler's argument for FAP runs as follows. For the universe to physically exist, it must contain [living] observers. Our universe obviously exists. There must be an "Omega Point" that sustains life forever.[11]

Reception

Tipler's Omega Point Cosmology has been wildly controversial, dividing physicists on the issue. Physicist David Deutsch defends the physics of the Omega Point cosmology, and incorporates it as a central feature of the fourth strand of his "four strands" concept of fundamental reality;[12] although he is highly critical of Tipler's theological conclusions[13] and what Deutsch states are exaggerated claims that have caused other scientists and philosophers to reject his theory out of hand. Deutsch writes that while much of the physics in Tipler's writing is correct, Tipler has failed to create a consensus in favor of his claim that the laws of physics require a conscious observer in the future light-cone of every spacetime point. Scholars are also skeptical of Tipler's argument that if an immortal entity with advanced technology exists in the future, such a being would necessarily resemble the Judeo-Christian God.[14] Researcher Anders Sandberg pointed out that he believes the Omega Point Theory has many flaws, including missing proofs.[15]

Tipler's Omega Point ideas have received vigorous criticism by physicists and skeptics.[16][17][18] Some critics say its arguments violate the Copernican principle, that it incorrectly applies the laws of probability, and that it is really a theology or metaphysics principle made to sound plausible to laypeople by using the esoteric language of physics. Martin Gardner dubbed the Final Anthropic Principle, (FAP), the "completely ridiculous anthropic principle" (CRAP).[19] Oxford-based philosopher Nick Bostrom writes that the final anthropic principle is "pure speculation" with no claim on any special methodological status, despite attempts to elevate it by calling it a "principle", but considers the Omega Point hypothesis to be an interesting philosophical hypothesis in its own right.[20] Philosopher Rem B. Edwards called it "futuristic, pseudoscientific eschatology" that is "highly conjectural, unverified, and improbable".[21] A review in The New York Times described Tipler's "final anthropic principle" argument as "rather circular".[11] Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins dismissed the anthropic principle of Tipler and Barrow as "impotent to explain the multifarious details of living creatures" in a chapter treating the subject in The God Delusion.[22]

George Ellis, writing in the journal Nature, described Tipler's book on the Omega Point as "a masterpiece of pseudoscience… the product of a fertile and creative imagination unhampered by the normal constraints of scientific and philosophical discipline",[23] and Michael Shermer devoted a chapter of Why People Believe Weird Things to enumerating what he thought to be flaws in Tipler's thesis.[24] Physicist Sean M. Carroll thought Tipler's early work was constructive but that now he has become a "crackpot".[25] In a review of Tipler's The Physics of Christianity, Lawrence Krauss described the book as the most "extreme example of uncritical and unsubstantiated arguments put into print by an intelligent professional scientist".[26]

John Polkinghorne described Tipler as having an "extreme reductionism" and building a "cosmic tower of Babel". He also mentioned that Tipler's book "reads like the highest class of science fiction". Polkinghorne himself asserted that the hope of resurrection "lies not in the curiosity or calculation of a cosmic computer, but in the personal God who cares individually for each of His human creatures". [27]

German theologian Wolfhart Pannenberg has defended Tipler's theology.[28]

Books
  • Tipler, Frank J.; Barrow, John D. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851949-2.
  • ——— (1994). The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-19-851949-2.
  • ——— (2007). The Physics of Christianity. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51424-8.

See also

References
  1. Rooney, Terrie M, ed. (1997). Contemporary Authors. 157. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7876-1183-5.
  2. Tipler, Frank J (2007). "Biography". Tulane University.
  3. Ellis, George Francis Rayner (1994). "Piety in the Sky". Nature. 371 (6493): 115. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..115E. doi:10.1038/371115a0. S2CID 36282720.
  4. Tipler 1976.
  5. "Dissertation Abstracts International". 37 (6): B2923. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Tipler et al. 2007.
  7. Tipler 1989.
  8. Tipler 1997, p. 560
  9. Tipler, Frank J (June 1986), "Cosmological Limits on Computation", International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 25 (6): 617–61, Bibcode:1986IJTP...25..617T, doi:10.1007/BF00670475, S2CID 59578961 (first paper on the Omega Point Theory).
  10. Barrow, John D.; Tipler, Frank J. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 1st edition 1986 (revised 1988). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282147-8. LCCN 87028148.
  11. Johnson, George (1994). "The Odds on God". Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  12. Deutsch, David (1997). "The Ends of the Universe". The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes—and Its Implications. London: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9061-4.
  13. Mackey, James Patrick (2000). The critique of theological reason. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77293-8.
  14. Shermer, Michael (2003). How we believe: science, skepticism, and the search for God. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-7479-6.
  15. Sandberg, Anders, My Thoughts and Comments on the Omega Point Theory of Frank J. Tipler, SE: Aleph.
  16. Gardner, Martin (March–April 2008). "The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler". Book Review, "The Physics of Christianity". The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  17. Polkinghorne, John (1995). "I am the Alpha and the Omega Point". New Scientist (1963): 41.
  18. Baker, Richard G (1995). "Fossils Worth Studying". Science. 267 (5200): 1043–44. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1043E. doi:10.1126/science.267.5200.1043. PMID 17811443. S2CID 6227574.
  19. Gardner, M., "WAP, SAP, PAP, and FAP," The New York Review of Books 23, No. 8 (May 8, 1986): 22–25.
  20. Bostrom, Nick (2002). Anthropic bias: observation selection effects in science and philosophy. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93858-7. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  21. Edwards, Rem Blanchard (2001). What caused the big bang?. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1407-7. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  22. Dawkins, Richard (2016) [2006]. "The anthropic principle: planetary version". The God Delusion. 10th Anniversary Edition (10th Anniversary ed.). London: Black Swan. pp. 162–168. ISBN 978-1-78416-193-4.
  23. Ellis, George (1994). "Review of The Physics of Immortality" (PDF). Nature. 371 (6493): 115. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..115E. doi:10.1038/371115a0. S2CID 36282720.
  24. Shermer, Michael (1997). Why People Believe Weird Things. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3090-3.
  25. Carroll, Sean (Jan 5, 2009), "The Varieties of Crackpot Experience", Cosmic Variance (blog), Discover Magazine.
  26. Krauss, Lawrence (May 12, 2007), "More Dangerous Than Nonsense" (PDF), New Scientist, 194 (2603): 53, doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61199-3, archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2011.
  27. Polkinghorne, John. "I am the Alpha and the Omega Point". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  28. Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1995). "Breaking a Taboo: Frank Tipler's the Physics of Immortality". Zygon. 30 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1995.tb00072.x.

Bibliography
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