French curve

A French curve is a template usually made from metal, wood or plastic composed of many different segments of the Euler spiral (aka the clothoid curve). It is used in manual drafting and in fashion design to draw smooth curves of varying radii. The curve is placed on the drawing material, and a pencil, knife or other implement is traced around its curves to produce the desired result. They were invented by the German mathematician Ludwig Burmester and are also known as Burmester (curve) set.

A set of the three most common French curves, also known as a Burmester set. The bottom object is most commonly used for hyperbolas; the smaller one above it is suited for ellipses. The large one is used mostly for parabolas.[1]

Clothing design
A complete Burmester set from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik (1904)

French curve physical templates are regularly used for original high fashion design and by home sewists (along with other types of artisans) most usefully in necklines, sleeve, bust and waist variations. The varied curve radii allow for smooth and stylish personalized adjustments of standard purchased clothing patterns for an excellent, personalized fit. Fashion designers and sewists may use a selection of french curves, hip curves, straight edges and L-shaped right angle rulers. They may be in metal or clear plastics, with measurements marked in metric or imperial.

Digital versions

As modern computer-aided design (CAD) systems use vector-based graphics to achieve a precise radius, mechanical templates (and most mechanical drawing techniques) have become obsolete outside of stitchers' home pattern adjustments and fashion designs. Digital computers can also be used to generate a set of coordinates that accurately describe an arbitrary curve, and the points can be connected with line segments to approximate the curve with a high degree of accuracy. Some computer-graphics systems make use of Bézier curves, which allow a curve to be bent in real time on a display screen to follow a set of coordinates, much in the way a French curve would be placed on a set of three or four points on paper.

See also
  • Flat spline – A long flexible batten used to produce a fair curve through a set of points
  • Lesbian rule – A flexible strip of lead that could be bent to the curves of a molding, and used to measure or reproduce irregular curves
  • Ruler – An instrument used to measure distances or to draw straight lines
  • Technical drawing tool – Tools and instruments used for accurate and precise manual draughting

References
  1. "Drawing tools – French curves".
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