Giosuè Carducci

He was born in Valdicastello (part of Pietrasanta), a small town in the Province of Lucca in the northwest corner of the region of Tuscany. His father, a doctor, was an advocate of the unification of Italy and was involved with the Carbonari. Because of his politics, the family was forced to move several times during Carducci's childhood, eventually settling for a few years in Florence.[7]

From the time he was in school, he was fascinated with the restrained style of Greek and Roman Antiquity, and his mature work reflects a restrained classical style, often using the classical meters of such Latin poets as Horace and Virgil. He translated Book 9 of Homer's Iliad into Italian.

Carducci was awarded a scholarship to study at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. After graduating in 1856, he began teaching school. The following year, he published his first collection of poems, Rime. These were difficult years for Carducci: his father died, and his brother committed suicide.

In 1859, he married Elvira Menicucci, and they had four children. He briefly taught Greek at a high school in Pistoia, and then was appointed Professor of Italian Literature at the University of Bologna. Here, one of his students was Giovanni Pascoli, who became an eminent poet himself and later succeeded him at the university.

Carducci was a popular lecturer and a fierce critic of literature and society. In his youth he was an atheist,[8] whose political views were vehemently hostile to the Catholic Church. In the course of his life his views on religion shifted towards a socially oriented theism which he exposed in his famous "Discorso sulla libertà perpetua di San Marino" ("A Speech on San Marino's Perpetual Freedom"), pronounced on September the 30th, 1894 before the authorities and people of that ancient Republic and celebrating "the Universal God of Peoples, Mazzini's and Washington's God".[9]

His anti-clerical revolutionary vehemence was prominently showcased in one famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative "Inno a Satana" ("Hymn to Satan".) "Satan" / "Lucifer" was considered by Italian leftists of the time as a metaphor of the rebellious and freethinking spirit. The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, then republished in 1869 by Bologna's radical newspaper, Il Popolo, as a provocation timed to coincide with the First Vatican Council, a time when revolutionary fervor directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end to the Vatican's domination over the papal states.[10]

While "Inno a Satana" had quite a revolutionary impact, Carducci's finest poetry came in later years. His collections Rime Nuove (New Rhymes) and Odi Barbare (Barbarian Odes) contain his greatest works.[11]

He was the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1906. He was also appointed senator by the King of Italy (1890).[12] In politics he remained a strong Liberal throughout his life; through the years he progressively evolved from republicanism to a sort of support to monarchy.[13] Although his reputation rests primarily on his poetry, he also produced a large body of prose works.[14] Indeed, his prose writings, including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays, fill some 20 volumes.[15] Carducci was also an excellent translator and translated some of Goethe and Heine into Italian.

The Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna is housed in the Casa Carducci, the house where he died at the age of 71, and contains an exhibits on the author. Author of the hymn A Satana, he was initiated to the 33rd and highest degree of the Scottish Rite Freemasonry as long-time member of the Grand Orient of Italy who members him as one of his most notable brothers.[16]

On 11 September 1978, Pope John Paul II mentioned Carducci as a "model" for university professors and teachers of Latin.[17]

It is not always easy to follow the development of Carducci's poetry through the collections he edited. The poet in fact organized his compositions several times and in different ways and gave a definitive arrangement only later in the edition of his Opere published for Zanichelli between 1889 and 1909. The following is a list of poetic works published in one volume, then rearranged into the 20 volumes of his Opere.

• Rime, San Miniato, 1857.
• Levia Gravia, 1868.
• Poesie, Firenze, Barbera, 1871.
• Primavere elleniche, 1872.
• Nuove poesie, 1873.
• Odi barbare, 1877.
• Juvenilia, 1880.
• Levia Gravia, 1881.
• Giambi ed Epodi, 1882.
• Nuove odi barbare, 1882.
• Rime nuove, 1887.
• Terze odi barbare, 1889.
• Delle Odi barbare. Libri II ordinati e corretti, 1893.
• Rime e ritmi, 1899.
• Poesie. MDCCCL-MCM, 1901.

Below are the poetic volumes in the Opere. The volumes, however, do not correspond to the chronological order with which the poet had published his first collections, but refer more than anything else to the distinctions of genres and therefore we find poems of the same period in different collections. The collections follow this order:

• Juvenilia, in six books, 1850-1860
• Levia Gravia, in two books, 1861-1871
• Inno a Satana, 1863
• Giambi ed Epodi, in two books, 1867-1879
• Intermezzo, 1874-1887
• Rime Nuove, in nine books, 1861-1887
• Odi barbare, in two books, 1873-1889
• Rime e Ritmi, 1889-1898
• Della Canzone di Legnano, Part I, 1879

• Jessie White Mario

• Nobel Prize Presentation Speech

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• Works by Giosuè Carducci at Project Gutenberg
• List of works
• Giosuè Carducci on Nobelprize.org
• Works by or about Giosuè Carducci at Internet Archive
• Works by Giosuè Carducci at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Carducci: all the poems
• Giosuè Carducci poems Original Italian text