Glossary of names for the Tirukkural

Tirukkural, or the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on common moralities, has been given by various names ever since its writing between the first century BCE and the 5th century CE. Originally referred to as Muppāl, perhaps as presented by its author Valluvar himself at the ruler's court, the work remains unique among ancient works in that it was not given any title by its author himself. All the names that the work is referred by today are given by later days' scholars over the millennia. The work is known by an estimated 44 names excluding variants,[1] although some scholars list even more.[2] E. S. Ariel, a French scholar of the 19th century who translated the work into French, famously said of the Kural thus: Ce livre sans nom, par un autre sans nom ("The book without a name by an author without a name").[3]

Etymology

Tirukkural was originally known as 'Muppāl',[4] meaning three-sectioned book, as presented by its author himself at the king's court, since it contained three sections, viz., 'Aram', 'Porul' and 'Inbam'. Tolkappiyam divides various types of Tamil poetic forms into two, namely, kuruvenpāttu and neduvenpāttu. Kuruvenpāttu came to be called kural pāttu and, eventually, kural.[5] The word kural applies in general to something that is short or abridged. In the words of Albert Schweitzer, "kural" means short strophe.[6] More specifically, it is a very short Tamil poetic form consisting of two lines, the first line consisting of four words (known as cirs) and the second line consisting of three, which should also conform to the grammar of Venpa. It is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. Thiru is a term denoting divine respect, literally meaning 'holy' or 'sacred'. Since the work was written in this poetic form, it came to be known as 'Tirukkural', meaning 'sacred couplets'.[7]

List of names by which the work is known

The following table lists the various names the Kural text has been known by over the millennia.[4][8][9][10]

S. No.NameLiteral meaningNamed byFirst citedNotes
1முப்பால் (Muppāl)The threefold pathValluvar (the author)[11]Tiruvalluva MaalaiOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] Believed to be the name indicated by the author during the presentation of the work at the Pandya king's court at Madurai. It is the most used name for the work in the Tiruvalluva Maalai, where it appears in 15 places, including verses 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 39, 44, 46, 49, and 53, indicating the title of the work.[12]
2திருக்குறள் (Tirukkuṛaḷ)Sacred coupletsKapilar[2]Tiruvalluva MaalaiOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] The chief name of the work used since the Medieval Era. One of the two chief names that the work is known by today.
3அறம் (Aṟam)
Variant: தமிழறம் (Tamiḻaṟam)		Virtue
Tamil virtue		Alathur Kilar[1]Purananuru, verse 34 (c. 1st century BCE–5th century CE)Denotes that the entire work was written keeping virtue as the base.
4குறள் (Kuṛaḷ)The coupletsOne of the two chief names that the work is known by today.
5தெய்வ நூல் (Deiva Nūl)
Variant: தெய்வமாமறை (Deyvamāmaṟai)		The divine bookOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] Employed by Sodasāvadhānam Subbaraya Chettiyar.[13]
6திருவள்ளுவர் (Tiruvalluvar)
Variant: வள்ளுவர் (Valluvar)		Saint Valluvar
Valluvar		TraditionalOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] The book came to be called by the name of its author, which is a traditional Tamil literary practice known as Karuthāgupeyar.[13] Tiruvalluvar was employed by Swaminatha Desikar and Valluvar by Umapathi Shivacchariyar.[14]
7பொய்யாமொழி (Poyyāmoḻi)The infallible wordsVelliveedhiyarTiruvalluva Maalai, verse 23[15]One of the twelve most traditional names.[9]
8வாயுறை வாழ்த்து (Vāyurai Vāḻttu)Medicinal praiseMadurai Aruvai Vanigan IlavettanarTiruvalluva Maalai, verse 35[16]One of the twelve most traditional names.[9]
9தமிழ் மறை (Tamiḻ Maṟai)The Tamil VedaOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] Employed by Thyagaraja Chettiyar and in the work of Sivasiva Venba.[17]
10பொது மறை (Podhu Maṟai)The common VedaTraditional[15]One of the twelve most traditional names.[9] The most common alias used of the Kural text. It is also given in English as "The Universal Scripture", "The Universal Veda" and "The Universal Bible".
11தமிழ்மனு நூல் (Tamilmanu ṉūl)The book of Tamil ManuTraditionalParimelalhagar's commentary (c. 13th century CE)One of the twelve most traditional names.[9]
12திருவள்ளுவப் பயன் (Tiruvalluva Payan)
Variant: வள்ளுவப்பயன் (Valluvappayan)		The fruit of Saint ValluvarYapparunkalakaarikai 40 uraiOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] Employed by Nacchinarkkiniyar, Perundhevanar, and Gunasagarar.[13]
13பொருளுரை (Porulurai)Meaningful speechSeethalai SathanaarManimekalai, verse 22:61[15]
14முதுமொழி (Mudhumoḻi)
Variant: பழமொழி (Paḻamoḻi)		Ancient words
The maxim		Nariveruvu ThalaiyarTiruvalluva Maalai, verse 33[15]"Mudhumoḻi" employed in the title of the works Mudhumoḻimel Vaippu and Somesar Mudhumoḻi Venba.[15] "Paḻamoḻi" employed by Arunagirinaadhar in his work Tiruppugal and in Sivisiva Venba.[13]
15இரண்டு (Irandu)The TwoPerunthogai, verse 1128[18]This term is found in the ancient adage ஆலும் வேலும் பல்லுக்குறுதி; நாலும் இரண்டும் சொல்லுக்குறுதி, which literally means "Banyan and neem maintain oral health; Four and Two maintain moral health." (Here "Four" and "Two" refer to the quatrains and couplets of the Naladiyar and the Tirukkural, respectively.)
16முப்பானூல் (Muppāṉūl)The three-part book
17ஒன்றே முக்காலடி (Onrae Mukkāladi)
Variant: ஈரடி நூல் (Iradi ṉūl)		The one-and-three-quarter feet
The two-lined book
18வள்ளுவம் (Valluvam)ValluvarismThe most common name used in literary sense today.
19இயற்றமிழ் முதமொழி (Iyattramiḻ Mudhamoḻi)
20உள்ளிருள் நீக்கும் ஒளி (Ullirul Neekkum Oli)
Variant: உள்ளிருள் நீக்கும் விளக்கு (Ullirul Neekkum Vilakku)		Light that disperses the internal darknessNappalatthanarTiruvalluva Maalai, verse 47
21மெய்ஞ்ஞான முப்பால் (Meigyāna Muppāl)The three divisions of divine knowledge
22இருவினைக்கு மாமருந்து (Iruvinaikku Māmarundhu)Panacea for the karmic dyad
23வள்ளுவர் வாய்மொழி (Valluvar Vāimoḻi)
Variant: வள்ளுவன் வாய்ச்சொல் (Valluvan Vāicchol)		The words out of Valluvar's mouthMangudi Marudhanar and Seyalur Kodum Senkannanar (Valluvar Vāimoḻi); Iraiyanar (Valluvan Vāicchol)Tiruvalluva Maalai, verses 24 and 42 (Valluvar Vāimoḻi); verse 3 (Valluvan Vāicchol)[16]Valluvar Vāimoḻi also employed in verse 1539 of the Perunthogai praising Parimelalhagar's commentary.[16]
24மெய்வைத்த வேதவிளக்கு (Meivaittha Vedavilakku)The vedic light that laid down the truth
25தகவினார் உரை (Thagavinār Urai)
26பால்முறை (Pālmurai)The divided dictumKovoor KilarTiruvalluva Maalai, verse 38[15]
27வள்ளுவமாலை (Valluvamālai)The garland of ValluvarOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9] Employed by Venkata Subba Bharathiyar in his work Prabhandha Deepikai.[19]
28வள்ளுவதேவன் வசனம் (Valluva Daevan Vasanam)The dialogue of Lord ValluvarPerunthogai, verse 2001[15]
29உலகு உவக்கும் நன்னூல் (Ulagu Uvakkum Nanṉūl)
30வள்ளுவனார் வைப்பு (Valluvanār Vaippu)The laying on by Valluvar or the treasure of ValluvarPerunthogai, verse 1999[16]
31திருவாரம் (Tiruvāram)
32மெய்வைத்த சொல் (Meivaittha Sol)Word(s) that established the truth
33வான்மறை (Vaanmarai)The cosmic Veda
34பிணைக்கிலா வாய்மொழி (Pinaikkilā Vāimoḻi)
35வித்தக நூல் (Vitthaga ṉūl)The doyen literature
36ஓத்து (Otthu)The Veda
37புகழ்ச்சி நூல் (Pughaḻcchi ṉūl)The famed book
38குறளமுது (Kuṛaḷamudhu)The Kural ambrosia
39உத்தரவேதம் (Uttharavedham)The later, ultimate VedaOne of the twelve most traditional names.[9]
40வள்ளுவதேவர் வாய்மை (Valluvadevar Vāimai)The truth of Lord Valluvar
41கட்டுரை (Katturai)The treatise
42திருமுறை (Tirumurai)The divine path
43வள்ளுவர் வாக்கு (Valluvar Vākku)
Variant: திருவள்ளுவன் வாக்கு (Tiruvalluvan Vākku)		The saying(s) of Valluvar
44எழுதுண்ட மறை (Eḻudhunda Marai)The written VedaKambar[18]Kamba Ramayanam (c. 12th century CE)

See also

Citations
  1. Velusamy and Faraday, 2017, pp. 54–55.
  2. Vedhanayagam, 2017, p. 136.
  3. Pope, 1886.
  4. Lal, 1992, p. 4333.
  5. Kowmareeshwari, 2012, pp. iv–vi.
  6. Schweitzer, 2013, pp. 200–205.
  7. Sundaram, 1990, pp. 7–16.
  8. Zvelebil, 1975, p. 124.
  9. Zvelebil, 1973, pp. 155–156.
  10. Panneerselvam, 2016, pp. 21–22.
  11. Pillai, 1972, p. 3.
  12. Pillai, 1972, pp. 3, 9.
  13. Jagannathan, 1963, p. 19.
  14. Jagannathan, 1963, pp. 19,21.
  15. Jagannathan, 1963, p. 20.
  16. Jagannathan, 1963, p. 21.
  17. Jagannathan, 1963, pp. 18–19.
  18. Jagannathan, 1963, p. 18.
  19. Jagannathan, 1963, pp. 20–21.

References
  • Albert Schweitzer (2013). Indian Thoughts and Its Development. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Read Books. pp. 200–205. ISBN 978-14-7338-900-7.</ref>
  • Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
  • Kamil Zvelebil (1975). Tamil Literature. Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-04190-7.
  • Kamil Zvelebil (1991). Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan. Institute of Asian Studies.
  • Mohan Lal (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3.
  • K. Panneerselvam (2016). Tirukkural Amaippu திருக்குறள் அமைப்பு. Manivasagar Padhippagam. p. 224.
  • Ki. Vaa. Jagannathan (1963). Tirukkural, Aaraicchi Pathippu திருக்குறள், ஆராய்ச்சிப் பதிப்பு (3rd ed.). Coimbatore: Ramakrishna Mission Vidhyalayam.
  • M. Shanmukham Pillai (1972). திருக்குறள் அமைப்பும் முறையும் [The structure and method of Tirukkural] (1 ed.). Chennai: University of Madras.
  • N. Velusamy; Moses Michael Faraday, eds. (2017). Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India? (in Tamil and English) (1 ed.). Chennai: Unique Media Integrators. ISBN 978-93-85471-70-4.
  • G. U. Pope (1886). The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar (1 ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. i (Introduction).
  • S. Kowmareeshwari, ed. (August 2012). Pathinen Keezhkanakku Noolgal (in Tamil). 5 (1 ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam. pp. iv–vi.
  • P. S. Sundaram (1990). Tiruvalluvar Kural (1 ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. pp. 7–16. ISBN 978-01-44000-09-8.
  • Rama Vedhanayagam (2017). Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் (in Tamil) (1 ed.). Chennai: Manimekalai Prasuram. p. 136.
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