Gold digger

A gold digger is a term for a person, typically a woman, who engages in a type of transactional relationship[1] for money rather than love. If it turns into marriage, it is a type of marriage of convenience.

For processes used to acquire gold metal, see Gold mining and Gold panning. For other uses, see Gold digger (disambiguation).
Lobby card for Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929), an example of a film which helped create the American public association of chorus girls with gold diggers

Etymology and usage
The Gold Digger (Judge, 24 Jul 1920)

The term gold-digger was a slang term that has its roots among chorus girls and sex workers in the early 20th century. In print, the term can be found in Rex Beach's 1911 book, The Ne'er-Do-Well, and in the 1915 memoir My Battles with Vice by Virginia Brooks.[2] The Oxford Dictionary and Random House's Dictionary of Historical Slang state the term is distinct to women because they were much more likely to need to marry a wealthy man in order to achieve or maintain a level of socio-economic status.[2][3] The term gold digger rose in usage following the popularity of Avery Hopwood's play The Gold Diggers in 1919. Hopwood first heard the term gold digger in a conversation with Ziegfeld performer Kay Laurell.[4] As an indication of the newness of the slang term, Broadway producers urged him to change the title because they worried that the audience would think that the play was about mining and the Gold Rush.[5]

Society and culture

General

Several women were perceived as exemplars of the gold digger stereotype by the public. The best known gold digger of the early 20th century was Peggy Hopkins Joyce. Joyce was a former show girl who married and divorced millionaires. She was characterized as a gold digger during her divorce battle with Stanley Joyce during the early 1920s. Some have argued that she was the real-life inspiration for Lorelei Lee, the protagonist in Anita Loos’ 1925 gold digger novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes[6] and some have contended that the term gold digger was coined to describe her.[7] Former Olympian Eleanor Holm was dubbed the "swimming gold digger" for her divorce contest with Broadway impresario Billy Rose during the 1950s.[8] The press and public described model and actor Anna Nicole Smith as a gold digger for marrying multi-millionaire octogenarian J. Howard Marshall III.

Law

Sharon Thompson's research has demonstrated how the gold digger stereotype or image has been used against women in the negotiation of alimony cases.[3] The gold digger stereotype was also deployed in public discussions about "heartbalm" legislation during the 1930s, particularly breach of promise cases. The popularity of the gold digger image was a contributing factor to the nationwide push to outlaw heart balm laws in the middle and late-1930s in the United States.[9]

Film

The gold digger emerged as a dominant trope in American popular culture beginning in the 1920s. Stephen Sharot stated that the gold digger supplanted the popularity of the vamp in 1920s cinema.[10]:143–144

By the 1930s, the term gold digger had reached the United Kingdom because British film industry made a remake of The Gold Diggers. While the film has been disliked by critics, several sequels with the same title have been made.[3]

In the 1930s, the gold digger trope was used in a number of popular American movies, most notably Gold Diggers of 1933, Gold Diggers of 1935, Baby Face, Red-Headed Woman, Dinner at Eight, and Havana Widows. Film historian Roger Dooley notes that the gold digger is one of the most common of the “stock company of stereotypes that continually reappear in the films of the 1930s.”[11] Gold diggers in 1930s cinema were often portrayed in positive, sometimes heroic, ways.[12][13] The character has featured in many films since the 1930s such as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), both starring Marilyn Monroe, or as a villainous foil, as in both versions of Disney's film The Parent Trap.

Music

The gold digger image or trope appears in several popular songs, including "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" (1938), "Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend" (1949), "Santa Baby" (1953), "She Got the Goldmine (I Got The Shaft)" (1982), and "Material Girl" (1984). Rap music's use of the "gold digger script" is one of a few prevalent sexual scripts that is directed at young African-American women.[14] For example Kanye West's "Gold Digger" and EPMD's "Gold Digger" both references a woman marrying for perceived wealth.

See also

References
  1. Rosenberger, Stephen (2014). The Relation Equation. p. 60. ISBN 9781498202671. OCLC 896840085.
  2. "Entry from October 25, 2009: Gold-digger". October 25, 2009.
  3. Thompson, Sharon. "In Defence of the 'Gold Digger'". Onati Socio-Legal Series.
  4. Sharrar, Jack (1989). Avery Hopwood: His Life and Plays. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472109634.
  5. Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1469660288.
  6. Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-1469660288.
  7. Rosenblum, Constance (2015). Gold Digger: The Outrageous Life and Times of Peggy Hopkins Joyce. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781627798242. OCLC 919319036.
  8. Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 98–105. ISBN 978-1469660288.
  9. Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 57–84. ISBN 978-1469660288.
  10. Sharot, Stephen (2018). Love and Marriage Across Social Classes in American Cinema. Springer. ISBN 9783319824321. OCLC 1049600007.
  11. Dooley, Roger (1979). From Scarface to Scarlett: American Films in the 1930s. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich. p. 19. ISBN 0151337896.
  12. Slavens, Clarence (2006). ""Gold Digger as Icon," The Gold Digger as Icon: Exposing Inequity in the Great Depression"". Studies in Popular Culture. 28:3: 71–92. JSTOR 23416172.
  13. Jacobs, Lea (1997). The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 1928-1942. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520207904.
  14. Stephens, Dionne P.; Phillips, Layli D. (1 March 2003). "Freaks, Gold Diggers, Divas, and Dykes: The Sociohistorical Development of Adolescent African American Women's Sexual Scripts". Sexuality and Culture. 7 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/BF03159848. ISSN 1936-4822. S2CID 143036176.


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