Golf in Scotland

Golf in Scotland was first recorded in the Scottish late Middle Ages, and the modern game of golf was first developed and established in the country. The game plays a key role in the national sporting consciousness.[1][2]

The Old Course at St Andrews

The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, known as the R&A, was the world governing body for the game (except in the United States and Mexico). The R&A, a separate organisation from the club, was created in 2004 as the governing body. The Scottish Ladies' Golfing Association was founded in 1904 and the Scottish Golf Union (SGU) in 1920. They merged in 2015 into a new organization, Scottish Golf.

To many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, an ancient links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage.[3] There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland, including Carnoustie, Gleneagles, Muirfield, Balcomie and Royal Troon. The world's first Open Championship was held at Prestwick in 1860,[4] and Scots golfers have the most victories at the Open at 42 wins, one ahead of the United States.

Although golf is often seen as an elitist sport elsewhere in the world, in the land of its birth it enjoys widespread appeal across the social spectrum, in line with the country's egalitarian tradition. For example, the Old Course at St Andrews is a charitable trust and Musselburgh Links is public courses. Council-owned courses, with low fees and easy access, are common throughout the country wherever demography and geography allow. Therefore, golf courses, whether public or private, are far more common in the Lowlands than in the Highlands and Islands, where shinty (a game which may share a common ancestry with golf)[5][6] is often the traditional sport.

Scotland is widely promoted as the "Home of Golf,"[2][7][8][9] and along with whisky and the long list of Scottish inventions and discoveries, golf is widely seen as being a key national cultural icon throughout the world.[2][10] It is frequently used to market the country to potential visitors, for example for the Homecoming year in 2009, and golf tourism accounted for approximately 2% of overall Scottish tourism spending in 2004.[11] One page that explains the history of golf in Scotland starts off by stating that, "There has been much debate as to the origins of the game and, in some cases, how it was originally played. One thing is certain — the game of golf as we know it was born in Scotland".[12]

Scotland has 587 courses. The highest concentrations are around Glasgow (94 courses) and Edinburgh (67 courses), since these two cities and their environs account for the bulk of the population. But the other districts still average about 40 courses each. Even the distant northern islands have 14 options. Such largesse is possible because Scotland boasts more courses per head of population than any other country.[13]

Etymology
Old Tom Morris with Young Tom Morris ca. 1870-75

The word golf was first recorded in the 15th century, appearing twice in an Act of the Scots Parliament of 6 March 1457, in the reign of James II. The Act, which ordered the holding of wappenschaws (English: musterings) four times a year for the purpose of archery practice, stated that "the fut bal ande the golf" (football and golf) were to be "vtterly criyt done" (condemned; lit. "cried down") and "nocht vsyt" (not engaged in; lit. "not used").[14] Offenders were to be punished by the barony courts, otherwise they were "to be tane be the kingis officiaris" (arrested by the king's officers).

Football (see Football in Scotland) and golf are again both explicitly named and forbidden in two further 15th century Scottish statutes encouraging archery practice, in 1470 and 1491. The 1470 Act, in the reign of James III, again uses the spelling golf, but the 1491 Act, in the reign of James IV, spells it gouff';[15] and variants such as gowf, gowff, gouf became the usual spellings during the Early Modern Period. The Scottish National Dictionary states that "golf represents a revival of the Middle Scots form; Loudoun Gowf Club, Newmilns, retains the old form in its title";[16] i.e. the spelling changed from Medieval golf to Early Modern gowf, and then back again.

The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue gives the etymology of the word golf or gouf (with many alternative spellings) as probably from the Dutch kolf (see Kolven, a Dutch indoor ballgame); although the dictionary also records the noun golf (with alternative spellings golfe or golph) as deriving from Middle English golf or goulf or Old French golfe, meaning "a deep pool or hollow; an abyss"; a cognate of modern English gulf.[14]

Other golfing words of Scots origin
Further information: List of English words of Scots origin
  • Links: first recorded in 1453 - "Et de xxx s. de le lynkis de Leith"
  • Golf club: first recorded in 1503-1504 - "For golf clubbes and balles to the King that he playit with"
  • Golfball: first recorded as a term in 1545 (although also referred to in the 1503-1504 Treasury account) - "Three dossoun and thre goif bawis"
  • Drive: first recorded in 1583 - "Ane golf staff to driffe the ball vithe all"
  • Tee (Teeing ground): first recorded in 1721 - "Driving their Baws frae Whins or Tee, There’s no ae Gowfer to be seen."
  • Putt: first recorded in 1743 - "Let each social soul Drink to the putter, the balls, and the hole."
  • Caddie: first recorded in 1773 - "In order to preserve the holes, no Golfer or Cadie shall be allowed to make any Tee within ten yards of the hole.rules are to score a goal"

Origins
The MacDonald boys playing golf by the 18thC portrait painter Jeremiah Davison

The exact origins of the sport of golf are unclear. The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the High Middle Ages.[17] The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country.[18] The first written rules originated in Scotland, as did the establishment of the 18 hole course. The first tournament structures developed and competitions were held between various burghs. The modern game was spread by Scots to the rest of the world.

The earliest reference to golf is the purchase of a set of golf clubs by James IV from a bowmaker of St Johnston (Perth) in 1502. Where he played is not known, but it is likely to have been on the open ground called the North Inch at Perth. It is recorded that Robert Maule of Panmure played golf at Carnoustie in the mid 16th century, as a wager for drink.[19] Around the same time, in 1552, John Hamilton the Archbishop of St Andrews granted the right of the people of St Andrews to play golf and gather turf on the links, retaining his rights to the rabbit warrens there.[20]

The Old Links at Musselburgh Racecourse is claimed to be the oldest playing golf course in the world. Evidence has shown that golf was played on Musselburgh Links in 1672, although Mary, Queen of Scots reputedly played there even earlier in 1567.[21]

An entry in the Edinburgh burgh records for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pastimes to be avoided on the Sabbath.[22] The parish register for neighbouring South Leith records the appearance of four parishioners before the kirk session on 7 December 1610 who "confessed they had prophaned the Sabbath be playing at the gowffe in tyme off preaching and thairfore was ordained to mak thair publict repentance the nixt Sabboth."[23]

Golf course evolution

Golf courses have not always consisted of eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea-shore). As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the 'home of golf', other courses followed suit and the 18 hole course became the standard which has remained to the present day.

There are now more than 550 golf courses throughout the country, with at least 21 courses in Edinburgh alone.

The 18th hole at Carnoustie, Angus, Scotland.

Spreading the game outwith Scotland

When James VI succeeded to the thrones of England and Ireland in 1603 (see Union of the Crowns) a large number of his Scottish courtiers followed him to London. The King resided at Greenwich Palace, and there is documentary evidence that some of these Scottish noblemen played golf on Blackheath, on the hill behind the palace. Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the king's eldest son, was playing golf in 1606. The Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins from these Scottish noblemen, thus claiming a pre-1745 foundation date. Although it is certainly the oldest English golf club, and the oldest outwith Scotland, there is no evidence that it is the oldest golf club in the world, as is sometimes claimed.[24][25] This accolade is claimed by The Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh who date back to 1735.

The first record of North American golf was a consignment of 96 golfclubs and 432 golf balls which was shipped from Leith to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1743;[26] and on 29 September 1786 Scottish merchants established the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston, the first golf club in the United States.[27]

Players
Tommy Armour, 'The Silver Scot'

Several Scots golfers are members of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Players marked * are also members of the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame:

Belle Robertson (born 1936) and Jessie Valentine (1915–2006) are all inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame, but not the World Golf Hall of Fame.

See also

References
  1. I. G. C., Hutchison (2002). "Scottish Newspapers and Scottish National Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". Newspapers in international librarianship, 68th IFLA Council and General Conference. Glasgow: University of Stirling. p. 8. 3-598-21837-0. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  2. "About the SGU - What is the Scottish Golf Union?". Scottish Golf Union official website. Archived from the original on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2008-12-06. The game of golf is one of Scotland’s greatest assets. A national icon, thousands of golfers from across the world descend upon the Home of Golf each year to take up the challenge of some of the planet’s most famous courses and some of the game’s finest hidden gems. Golf is a vital part of Scotland’s economy and vitally important to our nation’s psyche.
  3. Cochrane, Alistair (ed) Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf. Page 849. Routledge.
  4. "Historic Prestwick - Birthplace of the British Open". PGA Tour official website. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-12-04. The very first Open Championship was held here in 1860, to determine golf's champion player.
  5. MacLennan, Hugh Dan. "Shinty's Place and Space in World Sport 1". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  6. McComb, David G. (2004). Sports in World History. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9780415318112.
  7. "The Home of Golf". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2008-12-04. The Royal & Ancient and three public sector agencies are to continue using the Open Championship to promote Scotland as the worldwide home of golf.
  8. "Scotland is the home of golf". PGA Tour official website. Retrieved 2008-12-04. Scotland is the home of golf...
  9. "Golf Breaks in Scotland - The Home of Golf". Visit Scotland. Archived from the original on 2009-04-11. Retrieved 2008-12-04. Welcome to Scotland, the home of golf...
  10. "... celebrating some of Scotland’s great contributions to the world: golf, whisky, great minds and innovations and Scotland’s rich culture and heritage.", Homecoming Scotland 2009
  11. "Tee is for tourism worth £300 million". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2008-12-04. Golf tourism now accounts for about 2 per cent of overall tourism spending in Scotland...
  12. "The history of Golf in Scotland". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-03-17. History of Golf in Scotland
  13. "Scottish Golf". Retrieved 2011-05-09. Scottish Golf
  14. hthf, William A; et al. A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue: from the Twelfth Century to the End of the Seventeenth. Aberdeen University Press, Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12.
  15. James IV: Manuscript, 1491, 28 April, Edinburgh, Parliament, Parliamentary Register, 18 May 1491
  16. Gowf Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Dictionary of the Scots Language, accessed 2008-12-05
  17. Golf History @ ABC-of-Golf Archived 2012-04-12 at WebCite
  18. Campbell, Malcolm; Glyn Satterley (1999). The Scottish Golf Book. Sports Publishing LLC. p. 54. ISBN 1-58382-053-1. ISBN 9781583820537.
  19. An erroneous date of 1527 is sometimes given, but this occurs earlier Maule's narrative and relates to possession of the Mill of Strathdighty.
    lykwayes he exerciset the gowf, and oftymes past to Barry lynkes, quhan the wadfie vos for drink. If he tint, he newir vald entir in ane browster hows, bot cawsit ane of his serwandis to gange and pay for al.
    The old road leading from Panmure estate to the coast terminates at the eastern part of Barry Links, occupied now by Carnoustie Golf Links.
    • Maule, Harry (1874), Stuart, John (ed.), Registrum de Panmure. Records of the families of Maule, De Valoniis, Brechin, and Brechin-Barclay, united in the line of the Barons and Earls of Panmure, Edinburgh: Fox Maule-Ramsay
  20. Richardson, Forrest L. (2002), Routing the golf course: the art & science that forms the golf journey, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, retrieved November 10, 2010
  21. "The Oldest Playing Golf Course in the World". Musselburgh Links. Archived from the original on 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  22. Wood (ed.), Marguerite (1927). Extracts From The Records Of The Burgh Of Edinburgh. Oliver And Boyd. p. 63.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  23. Robertson, D (1911). South Leith Records. Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot. p. 9.
  24. "Royal Blackheath Golf Club". scottishgolfhistory.org. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  25. "Golf at Blackheath through the centuries". Royal Blackheath Golf Club. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  26. "Golf – the 64 million dollar question". Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2008-12-09. in 1743 a shipment of 96 clubs and 432 golf balls were sent from Leith in Scotland to Charleston, South Carolina. Some time later the South Carolina Golf Club was established, the first of the many in the USA.
  27. "South Carolina – Firsts". SCIway.net – South Carolina's Front Door. Retrieved 2008-12-09. Scottish merchants formed the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston. Club members played on Harleston's Green in Charleston until 1800.

Further reading
  • 2010, 18 Greatest Scottish Golf Holes, 18 Greatest
  • Browning, Robert, 1955, A History of Golf, A & C Black, London
  • Campbell, Malcolm, 2001, The Scottish Golf Book, Lomond Books
  • Clark, Robert, 1875 and 1893, Golf: A Royal and Ancient Game, EP Publishing
  • Cameron, Robbie J, 1936, Chronicle of Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh, Morrison & Gibb
  • Cruden, Stewart, 1992, Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society, BLGS and John Donald Publishers
  • Geddes, Olive, 1992, A Swing Through Time Golf in Scotland 1457–1743, HMSO for the National Library of Scotland
  • Hamilton, David, 1998, Golf Scotland’s Game, Patrick Press
  • Jarrett, Tom, 1995, St Andrews Golf Links The First 600 Years, Mainstream Publishing
  • Kidd, Roger, 2002, Golf in Scotland, Roger Kidd's Golf Guides
  • Mair, Norman, 1994, Muirfield, Mainstream Publishing
  • Price, Robert, 1989, Scotland's Golf Courses, Mercat Press
  • Royal & Ancient, The 2004 Golfer's Handbook, Renton Laidlaw Macmillan Publishers
  • Stirk, David I, 1987, Golf: the history of an obsession, Phaidon Press
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