HMS Gentian (1915)

HMS Gentian was an Arabis-class sloop that was sent to assist the Baltic States and their fight for independence. While clearing mines on July 15, 1919[lower-alpha 1] HMS Myrtle and HMS Gentian also hit a mine and sank killing nine sailors in the two blasts.

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Gentian.
History
United Kingdom
Name: HMS Gentian
Owner: Royal Navy
Operator: Royal Navy
Builder: Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Co. Ltd.
Yard number: No 376
Launched: 23 December 1915
Completed: February 1916
Fate: Hit a mine on July 15, 1919
General characteristics
Type: Minesweeper
Displacement: 1,250 tons
Length:
  • 255 ft 3 in (77.80 m) p/p
  • 267 ft 9 in (81.61 m) o/a
Beam: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)
Draught: 11 ft 9 in (3.58 m)
Propulsion:
  • 1 × 4-cylinder triple expansion engine
  • 2 × cylindrical boilers
  • 1 screw
Speed: 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph)
Range: 2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph) [1] with max. 260 tons of coal
Complement: 79 men
Armament: Typically 2 × 4 or 4.7 inch guns and 2 × 3-pounders (47 mm) AA with some lesser variants

Design and construction

The Arabis-class was a slightly enlarged and improved derivative of the previous Acacia-class and Azalea-class sloops.[4][lower-alpha 2] They were designed at the start of the First World War as relatively fast minesweepers that could also carry out various miscellaneous duties in support of the fleet such as acting as dispatch vessels or carrying out towing operations, but as the war continued and the threat from German submarines grew, became increasingly involved in anti-submarine duties.[5][6]

Gentian was 268 ft (81.69 m) long overall and 255 ft (77.72 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m) and a draught of 11 ft (3.35 m).[7] Displacement was 1,250 long tons (1,270 t) normal.[8] Two cylindrical boilers fed steam to a four-cylinder triple expansion steam engine rated at 2,000 ihp (1,500 kW), giving a speed of 16 kn (18 mph; 30 km/h).[8][9] The Arabis-class had a main armament of two 4.7 inch (120 mm) guns or two 4 inch (102 mm) guns, with two 3-pounder (47 mm) anti-aircraft guns also carried.[8]

Gentian was one of the first nine Arabis-class ships, ordered on 6 July 1915.[10] She was built by the Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company at their Greenock shipyard as Yard number 376,[11] was launched on 23 December 1915,[7] and was completed on 28 February 1916.[10]

Service

On commissioning, Gentian moved to Scapa Flow in the Orkneys, as one of the minesweepers attached to the Grand Fleet.[12][13] As such, Gentian's duties were mainly confined to keeping the approaches to Scapa Flow used by the Grand Fleet clear of mines, with daily sweeping of the prescribed channels.[14] On 30 May 1916, Gentian was 40 miles East of the Pentland Skerries when she was missed by a torpedo,[15] which was probably launched by the German submarine U43, waiting to attack ships of the Grand Fleet, which fired a torpedo against several sloops in this region on that day.[16] Destroyers and aircraft were ordered out from Scapa to hunt U-43, but although a submarine was sighted, U-43 escaped unharmed.[15] By July 1916, the Grand Fleet's minesweepers had been split into three Flotillas, with Gentian joining the 2nd Fleetsweeping Flotilla.[17] Gentian was still part of the 2nd Minesweeper Flotilla attached to the Grand Fleet at the end of the war on 11 November 1918,[18] but by December that year had transferred to the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla, still supporting the Grand Fleet.[19]

Gentian was listed as still a member of the 1st Flotilla, but paid off, in March 1919,[20] and in May 1919, she was listed as in reserve at the Firth of Forth with a nucleus crew.[21]

Baltic operations

The British campaign in the Baltic was a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The codename of the Royal Navy campaign was "Operation Red Trek".[22] The intervention played a key role in enabling the establishment of the independent states of Estonia and Latvia [23] but failed to secure the control of Petrograd by White Russian forces, which was one of the main goals of the campaign.[24] The taskforce was vital in supplying the Baltic states as well as containing the Soviet Navies.

On 16 July 1919, the 1st Fleet Sweeping Flotilla arrived at Hanko to reinforce the British forces in the Baltic.[25]

Wreck

In July 2010 an Estonian minesweeper located the remains of the cruiser HMS Cassandra, Myrtle and Gentian.[26][27]

Bibliography

Notes
  1. Two dates are given as when the ships were sunk The Globe and Mail says July 15[2] while the book The German Submarine War 1914-1918 says July 16 [3]
  2. Together with the following Aubrietia-class and Anchusa-class, these classes were collectively known as Flower-class sloops.
  1. Gogin 2019
  2. The Globe and Mail 2018
  3. Gibson & Prendergast 2002, p. 336
  4. Gardiner & Gray 1985, pp. 94–96
  5. Gardiner & Gray 1985, pp. 3, 94
  6. Brown 2010, pp. 136–137
  7. Dittmar & Colledge 1972, p. 94
  8. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 95
  9. Brown 2010, p. 137
  10. Dorling 1935, p. 365
  11. "Gentian". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  12. Dorling 1935, p. 204
  13. "Supplement to the Monthly Naval List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands, &c.: I.—The Grand Fleet: Other Ships Attached to Grand Fleet". The Navy List. March 1916. p. 12. Retrieved 17 July 2019 – via National Library of Scotland.
  14. Dorling 1935, pp. 208–209
  15. Jellicoe 1919, p. 295
  16. Campbell 1998, pp. 11–12
  17. "Supplement to the Monthly Naval List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands, &c.: I.—The Grand Fleet: Other Ships Attached to Grand Fleet". The Navy List. July 1916. p. 12. Retrieved 18 July 2019 – via National Library of Scotland.
  18. "Ships of the Royal Navy - Location/Action Data, 1914–1918: Admiralty "Pink Lists", 11 November 1918". Naval-history.net. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  19. "Supplement to the Monthly Naval List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands, &c.: I.—The Grand Fleet: Other Ships Attached to Grand Fleet". The Navy List. December 1918. p. 12. Retrieved 20 July 2019 – via National Library of Scotland.
  20. "Supplement to the Monthly Naval List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands, &c.: I.—The Grand Fleet: Fleet Minesweepers". The Navy List. March 1919. p. 12. Retrieved 20 July 2019 – via National Library of Scotland.
  21. "Supplement to the Monthly Naval List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands, &c.: III.—Local Defence and Minesweeping Flotilla and Training Establishments: Firth of Forth". The Navy List. May 1919. p. 15. Retrieved 20 July 2019 – via National Library of Scotland.
  22. Langworth 2017
  23. Kinvig 2006
  24. Kinvig 2006, pp. 271–90
  25. Bennett 2002, p. 130
  26. Wainwright 2010
  27. Wright 2017, p. 387

References
  • Bennett, Geoffrey (2002). Freeing the Baltic. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84341-001-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brown, D. K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J.J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dorling, Taprell (1935). Swept Channels: Being an Account of the Work of the Minesweepers in the Great War. London: Hodder and Stoughton.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gibson, R.H.; Prendergast, Maurice (2002) [1931]. The German Submarine War 1914-1918. Penzance, UK: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 9781904381082.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • The Globe and Mail (May 2, 2018). "3 British First World War-era ships found off Estonia". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 16, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gogin, Ivan (2019). ""FLOWER" ARABIS type fleet sweeping sloops". navypedia.org. Retrieved July 16, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet 1914–16: Its Creation, Development and Work. London: Cassell and Company. OCLC 859842281.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kinvig, Clifford (2006). Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918-1920. A & C Black. ISBN 9781852854775.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Langworth, Richard (April 23, 2017). "Churchill and the Baltic, Part 1". Hillsdale College. Retrieved July 16, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wainwright, Martin (August 23, 2010). "British warships sunk 90 years ago found off Estonian coast". The Guardian. Retrieved July 16, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wright, Damien (2017). Churchill's Secret War With Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918-20. Helion and Company. ISBN 9781913118112.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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