Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–1792)

Koča's frontier (Serbian: Кочина крајина / Kočina krajina) refers to the Serbian territory established in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Ottoman Empire, during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791). The Habsburg-organized Serbian Free Corps, among whom Koča Anđelković was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name), initially held the central part of the sanjak, between February and September 7, 1788; after the Austrians entered the conflict the territory was expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, called Serbia (German: Serbien). After the Austrian withdrawal and Treaty of Sistova (1792), the territory was regained by the Ottomans.

Habsburg-occupied Serbia

Serbien
1788–1792
Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
StatusTerritory of the Habsburg Monarchy
CapitalBelgrade
Common languagesSerbian, German
Religion
Roman Catholic,
Serbian Orthodox
GovernmentMilitary administration
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Habsburg occupation
1788
1787–1791
• Habsburg withdrawal, Treaty of Sistova
1792
ISO 3166 codeRS
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Ottoman Empire
Military Frontier
Ottoman Empire

Background

Serbs

The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.[1] Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.[1] Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[1]

Habsburg-Russian alliance

Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year, Joseph II and Catherine II met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.[2] In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.

History
See also: Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)

Koča's frontier rebellion
Koča's frontier (area of anti-Ottoman rebellion) in 1788.
Map of "the Kingdom of Serbia", by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1791).

A Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.[3] The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.[3] The main commander was the Austrian major Mihailo Mihaljević.[2] Among volunteers were Aleksa Nenadović, Stanko Arambašić, Karađorđe Petrović, the prominent Radič Petrović and most of all, Koča Anđelković.[2] The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.[3]

The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.[3] The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.[4] The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.[4] In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.[4] Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.[4] As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.[4] In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.[4]

Habsburg occupation
Liberated Serbia, romanticist work by Johann Georg Mansfeld

On 8 October 1789, Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.[5] The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1792.[5] By 1791 however the Austrians (the Habsburg) were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serbian families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova ended the war.

Aftermath

After the war, the Ottomans gave rights to the Serbs to collect local taxes.[6] The displaced janissaries, excluded from the Ottoman Army following reorganization, sought refuge in Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) where they tried to revoke the rights granted to the Serbs.[6] These renegade janissaries, called dahije, murdered as many as 150 Serb leaders (knezovi), sparking the First Serbian Uprising (1804).[6] The leader of the uprising, Karađorđe Petrović, had earlier served in the Austrian army as a volunteer during the Habsburg occupation.[6] The uprising expanded into the Serbian Revolution (1804–17), which saw the de facto independence of Serbia.

Legacy

An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place in Jagodina and Kladovo in honour of the rebellion.[7]

See also
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King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325
Empire · Fall 1346–1371
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Early Modern
Serbia under Turkish rule 1459–1804
Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530
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Great Serb Migrations 1690 and
1737–1739
Military Frontier 1702–1882
Habsburg Serbia 1718–1739
Koča's frontier 1788–1791
Serbia 1804–1918
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Principality of Serbia 1815–1882
Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849
Serbia and Banat 1849–1860
Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918
Serbia since 1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941
Axis occupation 1941–1944
Federal unit of Yugoslavia 1944–1992
Federal unit of FRY (S&M) 1992–2006
Republic of Serbia 2006–present
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References
  1. Ga ́bor A ́goston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 518–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
  2. Ćorović 2001.
  3. Paul W. Schroeder (1996). The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-19-820654-5.
  4. Virginia Aksan (14 January 2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-1-317-88403-3.
  5. R. S. Alexander (30 January 2012). Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-4051-0052-6.
  6. John R. Lampe (28 March 2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-521-77401-7.
  7. "Дани Кочине Крајине" (in Serbian). 12 September 2009.

Further reading
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