Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
	Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native to	Norway
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
	Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres Valdres Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[lower-alpha 1]

Phonology

/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[3] "the bar".[4][lower-alpha 2]
/rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[4]
The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[6]
The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.[7] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[8]
The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[9][10] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].[8]
The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[11][12][13]
The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[12]

The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[14][15]
The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[6][16][17] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[6]
Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[18]
The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[18]
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].[19]
The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[6][7]

Declension of nouns[20][21][lower-alpha 3]
Gender		Singular			Plural
Gender		Indefinite	Definite	Dative	Indefinite	Definite	Dative
Feminine	Strong (with i- declension)	[suːɽ]	[suːɽɛ]	[suːɳ]	[ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[lower-alpha 4] [ˈsuːˈɽi][lower-alpha 5]	[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩]	[ˈsuːˈɽu]
	Strong (with a-decl.)	[jaɪ̯t]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩]	[jaɪ̯ta]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
	Weak (with u-decl.)	[ˈjɛnˈtɛ]	[ˈjɛnˈta]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉn]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉ]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩]	[ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine	Strong (with a-decl.)	[gʉːt]	[gʉːtn̩]	[gʉːta]	[ˈgʉːˈta]	[ˈgʉːˈtadn̩]	[ˈgʉːˈtu]
	Strong (with i-decl.)	[griːs]	[griːsn̩]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ],[lower-alpha 4] [ˈgriːˈsi][lower-alpha 5]	[ˈgriːˈsidn̩]	[griːsu]
	Weak (with a-decl.)	[ˈbakˈkɛ]	[ˈbakˈkin]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈkadn̩]	[ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum	Strong	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]	[ˈhʉːˈsɛ]	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]
Neutrum	Weak	[aʊ̯ga]	[aʊ̯ga(ə)]	[aʊ̯gaɛ]	[aʊ̯gʉ],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gu][lower-alpha 4]	[aʊ̯gu],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gʉdn̩][lower-alpha 4]	[aʊ̯gu]

Personal pronouns[22][23][lower-alpha 3]
Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[lower-alpha 7] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][lower-alpha 8]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː][lower-alpha 9]	[ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10]	[ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre][lower-alpha 11]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː][lower-alpha 9]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][lower-alpha 10]

The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[1] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[2]
It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[5][4]
The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
Only used in Valdres.[21]
Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]

Jahr, Ernst Håkon (1990). Den Store dialektboka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Novus. ISBN 8270991678.
Kvåle, Karen Marie (1999). Dè è'kji gøtt veta ko dai saia: talemålsendring i Valdres (in Norwegian). Oslo: Valdreslaget i Oslo. ISBN 8299538505.
Ross, Hans (1907). Norske bygdemaal. 3-6: Oust-telemaal o numedalsmaal; Hallingmaal o valdresmaal; Gudbrandsdalsmaal; Upplandsmaal (in Norwegian). Christiania: I kommision hos Jacob Dybwad.
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane: tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 8276341039.
Strand, Thea Randina (2009). Varieties in Dialogue: Dialect Use and Change in Rural Valdres, Norway. The University of Arizona. ISBN 978-1109104257.
Venås, Kjell (1977). Hallingmålet (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN 8252107176.

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