Open-mid central rounded vowel

The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.

Open-mid central rounded vowel
ɞ
IPA Number395
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɞ
Unicode (hex)U+025E
X-SAMPA3\
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

IPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩ (that is, a closed variant of ⟨ɛ⟩, much as the high-mid vowel letter ⟨ɵ⟩ is a closed variant of ⟨e⟩), and this variant made its way into Unicode as U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E. The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ⟨ɞ⟩, and this was adopted into Unicode as U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E.

Features
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[2]lug[lɞχ]'air'Also been described as mid [ɞ̝], typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology
EnglishIrish[4]but[bɞθ̠]'but'Corresponds to [ʌ] in other varieties. See English phonology
New Zealand[5]not[nɞʔt]'not'Possible realization of /ɒ/.[5] See New Zealand English phonology
Faroese[6]høgur[ˈhɞːʋʊɹ]'high'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. See Faroese phonology
FrenchParisian[7]sort[sɞːʁ]'fate'Described variously as an allophone of /ɔ/ before /ʁ/[8] and as the default allophone of /ɔ/.[7] See French phonology
Irishtomhail[tɞːlʲ]'consume' (imp.)See Irish phonology
Kashubianptôch[ptɞx]'bird'
LimburgishMaastrichtian[9]väöl[vɞːl]'much'Front [œː] in other dialects.[10][11] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩.
Navajo[12]tsosts’id[tsʰɞstsʼɪt]'seven'See Navajo phonology
Northern TiwaTaos dialectącut'uonbo[ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ]'his-garment-around'Allophone of /ɑ/. See Taos phonology
Poitevino doune[ɞ dun]'he gives'
Somalikeenaysaa[keːnɞjsɑː]'she brings'See Somali phonology
West FrisianSouthwestern dialects[13]boare[ˈbɞːrə]'tomcat'Corresponds to [wa] in other dialects.[13] See West Frisian phonology

Notes
  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. Wissing (2012), p. 711.
  3. Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. Wells (1982), p. 422.
  5. Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  6. Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
  7. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  8. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  9. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  10. Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  11. Peters (2006), p. 119.
  12. McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993). The authors gave a narrow transcription of [ɵ], though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
  13. Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)

References
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199229317
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay", Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present (PDF), 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-07
  • McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages, 84: 143–150
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
  • Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
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