Heinrich Schütz

Heinrich Schütz (German: [ʃʏt͡s]; 18 October [O.S. 8 October] 1585[1] – 6 November 1672[2]) was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the 17th century. He is credited with bringing the Italian style to Germany and continuing its evolution from the Renaissance into the Early Baroque. Most of his surviving music was written for the Lutheran church, primarily for the Electoral Chapel in Dresden. He wrote what is traditionally considered to be the first German opera, Dafne, performed at Torgau in 1627, the music of which has since been lost, along with nearly all of his ceremonial and theatrical scores.

Heinrich Schütz
Heinrich Schütz by Christoph Spätner, c. 1660 (Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University)
Born18 October [O.S. 8 October] 1585
Köstritz
Died6 November 1672(1672-11-06) (aged 87)
Dresden
Works
List of compositions

He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints of some North American Lutheran churches on 28 July with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.

Early life
Heinrich Schütz House, the composer's birthplace in Bad Köstritz, now a museum

Schütz was born in Köstritz, the eldest son of Christoph Schütz and Euphrosyne Bieger.

In 1590 the family moved to Weißenfels, where his father managed the inn "Zum güldenen Ring". His father eventually served as burgomaster in Weißenfels, and in 1615 purchased another inn known as both "Zur güldenen Sackpfeife" and "Zum güldenen Esel" – which he renamed "Zum Schützen".

While Schütz was living with his parents, his musical talents were discovered by Landgrave Moritz von Hessen-Kassel in 1598 during an overnight stay in Christoph Schütz's inn. Upon hearing young Heinrich sing, the landgrave requested that his parents allow the boy to be sent to his noble court for further education and instruction. His parents initially resisted the offer, but after much correspondence they eventually took Heinrich to the landgrave's seat at Kassel in August 1599.

After being a choir-boy he went on to study law at Marburg before going to Venice from 1609–1612 to study music with Giovanni Gabrieli. Gabrieli is the only person Schütz ever referred to as being his teacher. He also inherited a ring from Gabrieli shortly before the latter's death. He subsequently was organist at Kassel from 1613 to 1615.

Dresden (1615–1672)

After a prolonged yet polite negotiation between the Landgrave and the Elector, Schütz moved to Dresden in 1615 to work as court composer to the Elector of Saxony. In 1619 Schütz married Magdalena Wildeck (born 1601). She bore two daughters before her death in 1625: Anna Justina, born in 1621, and Euphrosyne, born in 1623.

In Dresden Schütz sowed the seeds of what is now the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden, but left there on several occasions; in 1628 he went to Venice again, where he met and studied with Claudio Monteverdi. In 1633 he was invited to Copenhagen to compose the music for wedding festivities there, eventually returning to Dresden in 1635. He again conducted an extended visit to Denmark in 1641, due to the devastation of the Electoral court. The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648, and he again became more active in Dresden. In 1655, the year that his daughter Euphrosyne died, he accepted an ex officio post as Kapellmeister at Wolfenbüttel.

His Dresden compositions during the Thirty Years' War were, by necessity of the times, smaller scale than the oft-massive works before, although this period produced much of his most charming music. After the war, Schütz again wrote larger-scale compositions culminating in the 1660s, when he composed the greatest Passionmusic before Bach.[3]

Heinrich Schütz House, the composer's home in Weißenfels, now a museum.

Schütz moved back to Weißenfels, in a retirement he had to beg for, to live with his sister (the house is now a fine museum of his life), but the Electoral Court often called him back to Dresden. He died in Dresden from a stroke in 1672 at the age of 87.[4] He was buried in the old Dresden Frauenkirche, but his tomb was destroyed in 1727 when the church was torn down to build the new Dresden Frauenkirche. (His long-time house on the same square has been reconstructed in the same style and is an apartment building with hotel rooms and a restaurant.)

His pupils included Heinrich Albert, Christoph Bernhard, Anton Colander, Constantin Christian Dedekind, Carlo Farina, Johann Wilhelm Furchheim, Johann Kaspar Horn, Caspar Kittel, Christoph Kittel, Johann Klemm, Adam Krieger, Johann Jakob Loewe (or Löwe), Johann Nauwach, David Pohle, Philipp Stolle, Johann Theile, Clemens Thieme, Johann Vierdanck, Matthias Weckmann, Friedrich Werner, Friedrich von Westhoff.[5][6] (See: List of music students by teacher: R to S#Heinrich Schutz.)

Style

Schütz's compositions show the influence of his teacher Gabrieli (displayed most notably with Schütz's use of resplendent polychoral and concertato styles) and of Monteverdi. Additionally, the influence of the Netherlandish composers of the 16th century is prominent in his work. His best known works are in the field of sacred music, ranging from solo voice with instrumental accompaniment to a cappella choral music. Representative works include his Psalmen Davids (Psalms of David, Opus 2), Cantiones sacrae (Opus 4), three books of Symphoniae sacrae, Die sieben Worte Jesu Christi am Kreuz (The seven words of Jesus Christ on the Cross), three Passion settings and the Christmas Story. Schütz's music, while starting off in the most progressive styles early in his career, eventually grew into a style that is simple and almost austere, culminating with his late Passion settings. Practical considerations were certainly responsible for part of this change: the Thirty Years' War had devastated the musical infrastructure of Germany, and it was no longer practical or even possible to put on the gigantic works in the Venetian style which marked his earlier period.

The unique composition "Es steh Gott auf" (SWV 356) is in many respects comparable to Monteverdi.[7] His funeral music "Musikalische Exequien" (1636) for his noble friend Heinrich Posthumus of Reuss is considered a masterpiece, and is known today as the first German Requiem. Schütz was equally fluent in his Latin or Germanic styles.

Schütz was one of the last composers to write in a modal style. His harmonies often result from the contrapuntal alignment of voices rather than from any sense of "harmonic motion"; contrastingly, much of his music shows a strong tonal pull when approaching cadences. His music includes a great deal of imitation, but structured in such a way that the successive voices do not necessarily enter after the same number of beats or at predictable intervallic distances. This contrasts sharply with the manner of his contemporary Samuel Scheidt, whose counterpoint usually flows in regularly spaced entries. Schütz's writing often includes intense dissonances caused by the contrapuntal motion of voices moving in correct individual linear motion, but resulting in startling harmonic tension. Above all, his music displays extreme sensitivity to the accents and meaning of the text, which is often conveyed using special technical figures drawn from musica poetica, themselves drawn from or created in analogy to the verbal figures of classical rhetoric. However, as noted above, the composer's style became simpler in his later works, which make less frequent use of the kind of distantly related chords and licences found in such pieces as "Was hast du verwirket" (SWV 307) from Kleine geistliche Konzerte II.

Beyond the early book of madrigals, almost no secular music by Schütz has survived, save for a few domestic songs (arien) and occasional commemorative items (such as Wie wenn der Adler sich aus seiner Klippe schwingt (SWV 434), and no purely instrumental music at all (unless one counts the short instrumental movement entitled "sinfonia" that encloses the dialogue of Die sieben Worte), even though he had a reputation as one of the finest organists in Germany.

Schütz was of great importance in bringing new musical ideas to Germany from Italy, and thus had a large influence on the German music which was to follow. The style of the North German organ school derives largely from Schütz (as well as from the Dutchman Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck); a century later this music was to culminate in the work of J.S. Bach. After Bach, the most important composers to be influenced by Schütz were Anton Webern and Brahms, who were known to have studied his works.

Works
Main article: List of compositions by Heinrich Schütz
Rembrandt: Man with a Sheet of Music, 1633 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2014.136.41; formerly in the Corcoran Gallery of Art, William A. Clark Collection). In Schütz research literature, regarded as inauthentic and not portraying Heinrich Schütz.[8]

The following are major published works; most of these contain multiple pieces of music; single published works are also listed in the complete work list, including major works such as the Seven Last Words, and the Passions (according to Matthew, Luke, and John). There are over 500 total surviving individual pieces by Schütz.

  • Il primo libro de madrigali (first book of madrigals) (opus 1, Venice, 1611)
  • Psalmen Davids (Book 1) (opus 2, Dresden, 1619)
  • Historia der ... Aufferstehung ... (The Resurrection) (opus 3, Dresden, 1623)
  • Cantiones sacrae (opus 4, Freiberg, 1625)
  • Becker Psalter (opus 5, Freiberg, 1628, revised 1661)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 1) (opus 6, Venice, 1629)
  • Musikalische Exequien (opus 7, Dresden, 1636)
  • Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Book 1) (opus 8, Leipzig, 1636)
  • Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Book 2) (opus 9, Leipzig, 1639)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 2) (opus 10, Dresden, 1647)
  • Geistliche Chor-Music (opus 11, Dresden, 1648)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 3) (opus 12, Dresden, 1650)
  • Zwölf geistliche Gesänge (opus 13, Dresden, 1657)
  • Historia der ... Geburt ... Jesu Christi (Christmas Story; Dresden, 1664)
  • Lukas-Passion (The Passion According to St. Luke) (Dresden, 1665)
  • Johannes-Passion (The Passion According to St. John) (Dresden, 1666)
  • Matthäus-Passion (The Passion According to St. Matthew) (Dresden, 1666)
  • Königs und Propheten 119er Psalm ... (Psalm 119, Psalm 100, and German Magnificat: "Swan Song") (opus ultimum, Dresden, 1671)

Citations
  1. Gregory S. Johnston (ed.), A Heinrich Schütz Reader: Letters and Documents in Translation, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 85.
  2. Joshua Rifkin, et al. "Schütz, Heinrich." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 8 October 2013.
  3. Cummings, Robert. "Heinrich Schütz". allmusic.com. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  4. "Heinrich Schütz 1585–1672" (in German). Internationale Heinrich-Schütz-Gesellschaft e. V. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  5. David Mason Greene Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers p. 115 "When the elector finally let him go, Schütz managed to wrest from him money to permit his pupil and protégé Matthias Weckmann to study in Hamburg for three years with Jakob Praetorius. He remained in the Danish court for two years, "
  6. The encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church Julius Bodensieck, Lutheran World Federation. 1965. "The most eminent among his pupils were H. Albert, M. Weckmann, D. Pohle, Chr. Bernhard, JJ Loewe, A. Krieger, J. Theile."
  7. Gerald Drebes: ‘‘Schütz, Monteverdi und die „Vollkommenheit der Musik“ – „Es steh Gott auf“ aus den „Symphoniae sacrae“ II (1647)‘‘. In: ‘‘Schütz-Jahrbuch‘‘, Jg. 14, 1992, pp. 25–55. Online: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  8. cf. Steude 1986, pp. 58–61

General sources
  • Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0-393-09745-5
  • Wolfram Steude, Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Schütz-Ikonographie., in: Schütz-Jahrbuch 1985/86. Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1986, pp. 50–61. ISBN 3-7618-0778-3
  • Basil Smallman, Heinrich Schütz, The Master Musicians, 2000.
  • Tamsin (née T.D.) Jones, Passions in Perspective: An Analytical Discussion of the Three Passions of Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672) Against Their Historical and Stylistic Backgrounds (Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000)
  • Heinrich Schütz: Geistliche Chor-Music, Op. 11. Edited by Andrew Thomas Kuster. Ann Arbor, MI, 2005. ISBN 1-4116-4243-0.

Further reading
  • Hoffer, Brandi (2012). "Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years' War", Musical Offerings, Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 1.
  • Moser, Hans Joachim (1936, 2nd edition English translation by Carl F. Pfatteicher, 1959) Heinrich Schütz: His Life and Work 739 pp. Concordia, St. Louis, Original Bärenreiter, Kassel
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