Hemipepsis

Hemipepsis is a genus of large pepsine spider wasps found throughout the tropics. They are commonly known as tarantula hawks. Hemipepsis wasps are morphologically similar to the related genera Pepsis and Entypus, but distinguishable by the pattern of wing venation.[3] In South Africa 18 plant species from three plant families, the Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, and Asparagaceae subfamily Scilloideae are pollinated exclusively by Hemipepsis wasps.[4]

A Hemipepsis sp. wasp, Kruger National Park, South Africa
A female Hemipepsis sp. wasp dragging a paralyzed tarantula, Sandy Bay, South Africa

Hemipepsis
A male Hemipepsis ustulata on his perch lookout in the Sonoran Desert
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Pompilidae
Subfamily: Pepsinae
Genus: Hemipepsis
Dahlbom, 1844[1]
Type species
Hemipepsis capensis
(Fabricius, 1781)[2]

Species

About 180 species are placed in Hemipepsis, including:[5][6][7][8]

  • Hemipepsis acer (Bingham, 1897) India
  • Hemipepsis aenea (Cameron, 1904) Sikkim
  • Hemipepsis aeruginosa (Smith, 1855) Sumatra, Assam
  • Hemipepsis aethiops (Kohl, 1913) Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe Zambia, Ethiopia
  • Hemipepsis amamiensis (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
  • Hemipepsis analis (Haupt, 1933) New Guinea
  • Hemipepsis anthracina (Smith, 1855) Indonesia
  • Hemipepsis approximata (Haupt, 1941) Borneo
  • Hemipepsis ascensoi (Zavattari, 1907) Zimbabwe, Uganda
  • Hemipepsis atrox (Drury, 1782)
  • Hemipepsis audax (Smith, 1855) south-east Asia (Sikkim, Tenasserim
  • Hemipepsis aureomicans (Haupt, 1953) Indonesia
  • Hemipepsis aurosericea (Guérin, 1838) Java
  • Hemipepsis australasiae (Smith, 1873) Indonesia, Australia, giant spider wasp
  • Hemipepsis bakeri (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis bellicosus (Smith, 1873) India, Myanmar
  • Hemipepsis braunsi (Arnold, 1932) Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis brunnea (Klug, 1834) Middle East, Turkmenistan
  • Hemipepsis brunniceps (Taschenberg, 1869) Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis buchardi (Wahis, 2000) Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
  • Hemipepsis caelebs (Arnold, 1932) Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis capensis (Fabricius, 1781) Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis ceylonicus (Saussure, 1867) India, Sri Lanka, Singapore
  • Hemipepsis combusta (Smith, 1855) Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis commixta (Arnold, 1932) Uganda
  • Hemipepsis consanguineous (Saussure, 1867) Sri Lanka
  • Hemipepsis convexa (Bingham, 1890) Sri Lanka, Myanmar
  • Hemipepsis corallipes (Wahis, 2000) Yemen
  • Hemipepsis crassinervis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java, Sumatra
  • Hemipepsis curvinervis (Cameron, 1902) Taiwan, Assam
  • Hemipepsis dahlbomi (Stål, 1857)
  • Hemipepsis deceptor (Smith, 1859) Sulawesi
  • Hemipepsis dedjas (Guérin, 1848) Senegal, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis dubitans (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis elizabethae (Bingham, 1893) India, Myanmar, Java
  • Hemipepsis erythropyga (Arnold, 1932) Nigeria
  • Hemipepsis exasperate (Smith, 1863) Indonesia
  • Hemipepsis excepta (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis eximia (Wahis, 1960) India
  • Hemipepsis fallax (Saussure, 1892) Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis fenestratus (Smith, 1855) Sikkim
  • Hemipepsis ferox (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis ferruginea (Smith, 1861) New Guinea
  • Hemipepsis fervida (Smith, 1861) China, Taiwan, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis fischeri (Wahis, 1968) Indonesia
  • Hemipepsis flavopicta (Smith, 1891) India
  • Hemipepsis fulvipennis (Fabricius, 1793) India, Sri Lanka
  • Hemipepsis fumipennis (Smith, 1859) Sulawesi
  • Hemipepsis gigas (Taschenberg, 1869) Java, Borneo
  • Hemipepsis glabrata (Klug, 1834) Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis hanedai (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
  • Hemipepsis heros (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) Ethiopia, Senegal
  • Hemipepsis heteroneura (Turner, 1918) Uganda
  • Hemipepsis hilaris (Smith, 1879) Lesotho, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis hottentota (Taschenberg, 1869) Yemen
  • Hemipepsis ichneumonea (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) New Guinea, Australia
  • Hemipepsis indica (Linnaeus, 1758) India, Myanmar, Indonesia, New Guinea
  • Hemipepsis insignis (Smith, 1855) West Africa
  • Hemipepsis intermedia (Smith, 1873) Sri Lanka, India
  • Hemipepsis iodoptera (Stål, 1857) Uganda, South Africa, Ghana
  • Hemipepsis jacobsoni (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
  • Hemipepsis kangeanensis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
  • Hemipepsis kiogae (Arnold, 1932) Yemen
  • Hemipepsis lacaena (Smith, 1861) Ambon Island
  • Hemipepsis laeta (Smith, 1873) Myanmar
  • Hemipepsis latirostris (Arnold, 1932) Uganda, Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis lucernaris (Wahis, 2000) Yemen
  • Hemipepsis luctuosa (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis lusca(Fabricius, 1804) India
  • Hemipepsis luzonica (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis martini (Bingham, 1896) Sumatra
  • Hemipepsis mashonae (Arnold, 1932) Kenya, Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis matangensis (Cameron, 1905) Borneo
  • Hemipepsis mauritanica (Linnaeus, 1767) Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Italy, Spain, Turkey
  • Hemipepsis mexicana (Cresson, 1867) Mexico, Colombia
  • Hemipepsis minora (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis misera (Cameron, 1901) Singapore
  • Hemipepsis mlanjiensis (Turner, 1918) Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique
  • Hemipepsis momentosa (Smith, 1873) Borneo
  • Hemipepsis negritos (Banks, 1934) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis nigricornis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
  • Hemipepsis obscurus (Lucas, 1898) Tanzania
  • Hemipepsis obsolete (Saussure, 1867) Sri Lanka
  • Hemipepsis obsonator (Bingham, 1897) India
  • Hemipepsis ocellata (Fabricius, 1782) Cameroon
  • Hemipepsis ochropus (Stål, 1857) Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon
  • Hemipepsis odin (Strand, 1914) Malaya
  • Hemipepsis opulenta (Smith, 1863) Misool
  • Hemipepsis perhirsuta (Banks, 1940) Madagascar
  • Hemipepsis perplexa (Smith, 1855) India, Myanmar, Taiwan
  • Hemipepsis petri (Schulz, 1906) Assam
  • Hemipepsis pilosipes (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis placida (Bingham, 1896) Tenasserim
  • Hemipepsis procera (Wahis, 1968) Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia
  • Hemipepsis quadridentata (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
  • Hemipepsis refulgens (Turner, 1918) Uganda
  • Hemipepsis robertiana (Cameron, 1903) Borneo
  • Hemipepsis rubida (Bingham, 1890) Sri Lanka
  • Hemipepsis rufofemoratus (Lucas, 1898) Zanzibar
  • Hemipepsis sabulosa (Smith, 1855) Egypt, Iran, Yemen. Benin, Eritrea
  • Hemipepsis sericeipennis (Bingham, 1902) Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis severa (Drury, 1782)
  • Hemipepsis simpsoni (Arnold, 1932) Ghana
  • Hemipepsis sinuosa (Kohl, 1913) Nigeria
  • Hemipepsis sogdiana (Zonstein, 2000) China, Taiwan, Japan, India, Kyrgyzstan
  • Hemipepsis speculifer (Lepeletier) Java, Malaya
  • Hemipepsis sublivida (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
  • Hemipepsis sulfureicornis (Arnold, 1960) Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Hemipepsis sycophanta (Gribodo, 1884) Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaya
  • Hemipepsis tagala (Gribodo, 1884) Philippines
  • Hemipepsis taiwanensis (Tsuneki, 1989) Taiwan
  • Hemipepsis tamisieri (Guérin, 1848) Uganda, Ethiopia, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
  • Hemipepsis taprobanae (Cameron, 1901) Sri Lanka
  • Hemipepsis thione (Smith, 1861) Ambon Island
  • Hemipepsis toussainti (Banks, 1928) Hispaniola
  • Hemipepsis turneri (Arnold, 1936) South Africa
  • Hemipepsis unguicularis (Kohl, 1913) Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Hemipepsis unifasciata (Radoszkowski, 1881) Angola, Ethiopia
  • Hemipepsis ustulata (Dahlbom, 1843) United States of America
  • Hemipepsis vanuana Banks 1941 Solomon Islands
  • Hemipepsis variabilis ((Arnold, 1932) Uganda
  • Hemipepsis vechti (Wahis, 1959)
  • Hemipepsis veda (Cameron, 1891) India
  • Hemipepsis velutina (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Indonesia
  • Hemipepsis venatoria (Bingham, 1896) Myanmar
  • Hemipepsis vespertilio (Gerstaecker, 1857) Uganda, Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Hemipepsis vestitipennis (Turner, 1918) Uganda, Somalia, Yemen
  • Hemipepsis vindex (Smith, 1855) Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen
  • Hemipepsis viridipennis (Lucas, 1898) Tanzania
  • Hemipepsis vulcanica (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
  • Hemipepsis yayeyamana (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
  • Hemipepsis yemenita (Wahis, 2000) Somalia, Yemen

References
  1. "Hemipepsis Dahlbom". GloIziko Museums of South Africa. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  2. V.S.L. Pate (1946). "The Generic Names of the Spider Wasps (Psammocharidae olim Pompilidae) and Their Type Species (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 72 (3): 65–137. JSTOR 25077544.
  3. "Genus Hemipepsis - Tarantula Hawks". Iowa State University. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  4. Shuttleworth, Adam; Johnson, Steven D. (2012). "The Hemipepsis wasp-pollination system in South Africa: a comparative analysis of trait convergence in a highly specialized plant guild". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (3): 278–279. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01216.x.
  5. "Taxonomy for Hemipepsis (Tarantula Hawks)". insectoid.org. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  6. van der Vecht, J. (1953). "Indo-Australian Pompilidae II. An annotated list of the oriental species of the genus Hemipepsis (Dahlb)". Treubia. 22 (1): 1–17.
  7. "Digitized type collection, details, simple view - zmuc00241286". University of Copenhagen. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  8. Fernadez, Fernando (2000). "Avispas cazadores de aranas (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) de la Region Neotropical" (PDF). Biota Colombia. 1 (1): 3–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
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