Hill+Knowlton Strategies

John Hill, founder of Hill+Knowlton, c. 1960

The company that became Hill+Knowlton Strategies was founded in 1927 by newspaper reporter and businessman John Hill in Cleveland, Ohio.[2] Hill's first two clients were Cleveland-based Union Trust Company, and the Otis Steel Company.[3][4] When Union Trust Company was shut down by the Great Depression in 1933, Hill hired its former director of advertising and publicity Don Knowlton, and they together established Hill & Knowlton of Cleveland.[3] Hill moved to New York City in 1934 to open a new Hill & Knowlton office. Knowlton remained in Cleveland and operated the original location until his retirement in 1964.[3] Hill served as chairman and chief executive until 1962, but remained on the firm's policy committee, and continued to go into the office until shortly before his death in 1977.[5]

Starting in the 1930s, the firm became known for its representation of steel manufacturers, which it also did during the steel strike of 1952.[4][6] The company also represented the dairy industry during congressional debates on margarine regulation in the late 1940s.[6][7] Other early clients included the tobacco industry, which the firm worked for when smoking was first publicly linked to cancer in 1953, as well as many other industries including the aircraft industry, the American Shipbuilders Council, the National Retail Dry Goods Association, the National Fertilizer Association, and soap producers.[6][7][8][9]

When Hill died in 1977, the company had 560 employees, with 36 offices in the United States and 18 abroad.[5]

The firm was acquired in 1980 by the JWT Group, one of the largest advertising agencies at the time.[4][10] Following the acquisition, Hill & Knowlton continued to operate as an independent entity under the JWT Group.[10] The company expanded to China in 1984,[11] and acquired both Gray & Company and Carl Byoir & Associates, two public relations firms with a national presence in the United States, in 1986.[4][12][13] JWT was acquired by the WPP plc, a London-based marketing and communications holding company, in 1987.[4][14] In 1989, Hill & Knowlton acquired Canada's largest PR agency, the Public Affairs Resource Group.[15]

Also during the late 1980s, Hill & Knowlton represented the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) during its money laundering scandal, Hill & Knowlton's work was investigated by a U.S. Senate subcommittee, and allegations made that the firm had pressured regulators to not investigate the bank, though no evidence was found to support the claims. After BCCI was convicted of money laundering, the firm severed their relationship with BCCI.[3][16]

Hill & Knowlton was hired in 1990 by Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a group predominantly funded by the Government of Kuwait,[3][12][17] to assist its campaign for U.S. intervention in response to the invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime.[4][18][19] The firm arranged for a Kuwaiti girl, Nayirah, to testify in October 1990 to the Human Rights Caucus of the United States Congress about events she had allegedly witnessed.[18] She reported seeing Iraqi soldiers kill babies in a Kuwaiti hospital,[19] but it was then learned that she was the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the United States and her story was false.[3][17][18][20] Hill & Knowlton was accused of spreading false information to increase support for the Gulf War, which the company denied.[19][21] The company received around $10 million for their work for Citizens for a Free Kuwait.[3][18][20]

Hill & Knowlton represented The Church of Scientology from 1987 until May 1991.[22][23] The ever-litigious Church of Scientology then sued the firm, claiming that their contract was terminated because Hill & Knowlton was pressured to do so by Eli Lilly and Company, a client of JWT. Eli Lilly and Company produce the drug Prozac, which the Church staunchly and publicly opposed. The matter was settled out of court.[12][22][24]

The firm continued to expand through acquisitions in the 2000s, including the acquisition of a portion of Argentine company Vox Consulting in 2000,[25] Miami-based public relations agency SAMCOR in 2002,[26] and a majority ownership of the Hong Kong-based Rikes Communications in 2008.[27] In 2010, the company opened three new offices in China as well as new offices in India and Colombia.[28] In 2009, the firm opened its first office in Nairobi in partnership with Kenyan company Scangroup.[29]

In January 2011, Hill & Knowlton announced a merger with Public Strategies, another WPP company founded in Austin, Texas in 1988.[14][30] In December 2011, the firm was rebranded as "Hill+Knowlton Strategies."[31][32] Jack Martin, founder of Public Strategies, oversaw this rebranded company from 2011 until 2019.