Hindustani vocabulary

Hindustani, also known as Hindi-Urdu, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit-derived vocabulary, which it gained through Prakrit.[1] As such the standardized registers of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level.[2] However, in formal speech, Hindi tends to draw on Sanskrit, while Urdu turns to Persian and sometimes Arabic.[3] This difference lies in the history of Hindustani, in which the lingua franca started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as Delhi, Lucknow and Hyderabad), under the Delhi Sultanate; this dialect came to be termed Urdu.[4][5]

The original Hindi dialects continued to develop alongside Urdu and according to Professor Afroz Taj, "the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term Hindustani."[5] In Colonial India, Hindi-Urdu acquired vocabulary introduced by Christian missionaries from the Germanic and Romanic languages, e.g. pādrī (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from padre, meaning pastor.[6]

When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the British Raj, Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible."[7] After the partition of India, political forces within India tried to further Sanskritize Hindi,[8] while political forces in Pakistan campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanskrit derived words from Urdu and supplant them with Persian and Arabic words.[9] Despite these government efforts, the film industry, Bollywood continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers;[10] in addition, many of the same television channels are viewed across the border.[11]

Linguistic classification

Hindi (हिन्दी Hindi) is one of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus etymologically Indo-European. However, centuries of borrowing has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins.

Examples of borrowed words

Due to centuries of contact with Europeans, Turkic peoples, Arabs, Persians, and East Asians, Hindi has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. Close contact with neighboring peoples facilitated the borrowing of words from other Indian languages, Chinese, Burmese, and several indigenous Austroasiatic languages of North India. After centuries of invasions from Persia and the Middle East, particularly under the Mughal Empire, numerous Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, European colonialism brought words from Portuguese, French, Dutch, and most significantly English. Some very common borrowings are shown below.

Austroasiatic languages ( देशज دیشج Deshaj)

WordMeaning
आलू آلو ālūpotato
खोज کھوج khojdiscovery
चावल چاول cāwalrice grains
चूल्हा چولہا cūlhāoven, stove
झोल جھول jholgravy
टांग ٹانگ ṭaṅgleg
ढोल ڈھول ḍholdhol, drum
पेट پیٹ peṭbelly

Chinese ( चीनी چینی Chīnī)

WordMeaningOriginal form
चाय چای cāyteachá
चीनी چینی cīnīsugar
लीची لیچی līcīlychee茘枝 lìzhī

Arabic (अरबी عربی Arbī)

WordMeaningOriginal form
अक़्ल عقل aqalwisdomعقل ‘aql
असली اصلیaslīrealأصل ’aṣl "root"
इलाक़ा علاقہ ilāqāareaعلاقة `alāqa "relationship, connection"
वज़न وزن vazanweightوزن wazn "scale"
क़बर قبر qabrgraveقبر qubr
ख़बर خبر k͟habarnewsخبر khabar
ख़ाली خالی k͟hālīemptyخالي khālī
ख़्याल خیال k͟hayālconsiderationخيال khayal " imagination"
ग़रीब غریب ġarībpoorغريب gharīb "strange"
जवाब جواب javābanswerجواب jawāb
जमा جمع jamācollectجمع jam‘
तारीख़ تاریخ tārīk͟hdateتاريخ tārīkh "history, date"
दुनिया دنیا duniyāworldدنيا dunya
नक़ल نقل naqalfakeنقل naql
फ़क़ीर فقیر faqīrpoor personفقير faqīr
बदल بدل badalexchangeبدل badl
बाक़ी باقی bāqīremainingبقي baqīy
साहब صاحب sāhabsirصاحب ṣāḥib "friend"
हिसाब حساب hisābcalculationحساب ḥisāb

Persian (फ़ारसी فارسی Fārsī)

WordMeaningOriginal form
आवाज़ آواز āvāzsoundآواز āvāz
अंदाज़ انداز andāzguessاندازه andāzah "measure"
आईना آینا āīnāmirrorآینه āynah
आराम آرام ārāmcomfortآرام ārām
आहिस्ता آھستہ āhistāslowly, softlyآهسته āhistah "slowly"
काग़ज़ کاغذ kāġazpaperكاغذ kāghaz
ख़राब خراب k͟harābbadخراب xarāb
ख़ूब خوب k͟hūbgoodخوب xūb "good"
गरम گرم garamhotگرم garm
चश्मा چشمہ caśmāglassesچشم chashm "eye"
चाकरी چاکری cākrījobچاکر chākar
चादर چادر cādarblanketچادر chādur
जान جان jāndearجان jān
जगह جگہ jagahplaceجايگاه jāegāh
देगची دگچی degcīpotديگچه dēgchah
दम دم dambreathدم dam
देर دير derlateدير dēr
दुकान دكان dukānstoreدكان dukān(This word comes from Arabic)
पर्दा پردہ pardācurtainپرده pardah
बद بد badbadبد bad
बाग़ باغ bāġgardenباغان bāghān (orig = bāgh)
मज़ा مزہ mazāfunmaza
रास्ता راستہ rāstāroadراسته rāstah
रोज़ روز rozeverydayروز rōz "day"
हिन्दू ہندو HindūHinduهندو hindū
पसंद پسند pasandlike, appreciateپسند pasand

Turkish (तुर्की ترکی Turkī)

WordMeaningOriginal form
उर्दू اردو UrduUrduordu "army"
क़ैंची قینچی qãincīscissors
क़ोरमा قورمہ qormākormakavurma in Turkish
बावर्ची باورچی bāwarchīcook, chefAshchi (soupmaker) in modern Turkish
बेगम بیگم begamladybegüm
लाश لاش lāścorpse

(Turkish pron. = lesh)

क़ुली قلي qulīlaborer, porterporter, servant

Portuguese (पुर्तगाली پرتگالی Purtugālī)

Portuguese borrowings mostly describe household items, fruits, and religious concepts dealing with Catholicism:

Household

WordMeaningOriginal form
अलमारी الماری almāricloset, cupboardarmário
इस्तरी استریistrīto ironestirar (means to lengthen a cable)
इस्पात ایسپات ispātsteelespada "sword"
गमला گملا gamlābasketgamela "wooden trough"
चाबी چابی cābīkeychave
जंगला جنگلا jaṅglāwindow-railingjanela
तम्बाकू تمباکو tambākūtobaccotobacco
तौलिया تولیہ tauliyātoweltoalha
फ़ीता فیتا fītālace, ribbonfita
बराम्दा برآمدہ 'baramdāverandahvaranda
बाल्टी بالٹی bāltīpailbalde
मेज़ میز meztablemesa
साबुन صابن sābunsoapsabão

Food

WordMeaningOriginal form
अनानास انناس anānāspineappleananás
काजू کاجو kājucashewcaju
गोभी گوبھیgobhīcabbage, cauliflowercouve
पाउ रोटी پاو روٹی pāu roṭīsliced breadpão "bread" (generic name for bread)
पपीता پپیتا papītāpapayapapaia
साबूदाना سابودانا 'sābūdānāsagosagu
सलाद سلاد salādsaladsalada

Religion

WordMeaningOriginal form
क्रूस کروس krūscrosscruz
गिरजा گرجا girjāchurchigreja
पादरी پادری padrīChristian priest/ministerpadre

Other

WordMeaningOriginal form
अंग्रेज़ انگریز aṅgrezEnglishinglês

French (फ़्रान्सीसी Fransisi)

Only a handful of French borrowings are still used in Hindi today.

WordMeaningOriginal form
कारतूस کارتوس kārtūscartridgecartouche
रेस्तराँ ریستوراں restarā̃restaurantrestaurant

English (अंग्रेज़ी انگریزی Aṅgrezī)

Most borrowed words of European origin in Hindi-Urdu were imported through English and involve civic and household concepts:

Civic Life

WordOriginal form
अफ़सर افسر afsarofficer
जेल جیل jeljail
डॉक्टर ڈاکٹر ḍôktardoctor
पुलिस پولیس pulispolice
बैंक بینک baiṅkbank
वोट ووٹ voṭvote
स्कूल اسکول skūl/iskūlschool

Household

WordOriginal form
कप کپ kapcup
गिलास گلاس gilāsglass
टेबल ٹیبل ṭebaltable
बॉक्स بکس bôksbox
लालटेन لالٹین lālṭenlantern
कनस्तर کنستر kanastarcanister

References

  1. Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971). Current Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 688. Retrieved 21 November 2014. This Proto-Prakrit differs from Sanskrit partly in the phonology and the vocabulary which are common to all modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars.
  2. Bhatia, Tej K.; Koul, Ashok (2000). Colloquial Urdu. Psychology Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780415135405. Retrieved 21 November 2014. The languages share a virtually identical grammar and also possess a very large body of common vocabulary which consists mainly of words used in everyday, normal conversation.
  3. Bhatia, Tej K.; Koul, Ashok (2000). Colloquial Urdu. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780415135405. Retrieved 21 November 2014. In additional, although Urdu and Hindi share a large number of colloquial words, formal and literary Hindi and Urdu can differ markedly in terms of vocabulary. For higher registers, Urdu still continues to draw on Perso-Arabic resources, but Hindi turns to Sanskrit.
  4. Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780191533082. Retrieved 21 November 2014. Considered from a historical point of view, the Hindustani-Hindi-Urdu complex developed out of a common broadly-spoken lingua franca that came to be used through much of north and central India from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries during the dynasties of Muslim rulers that pre-dated the Mughal rule. During this time, Persian was in force as the official language of administration and writing but was supplemented by a mixture of the speech of the Delhi area ('Khari Boli', which had Sanskrit as its ultimate ancestor) together with many Persian loanwords as very general means of oral communication among different parts of the Muslim-controlled territories. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this form of speech was patronized by the rulers of various southern kingdoms and resulted in the growth of an early literature in a language known as Dakhini or southern Hindi-Urdu.
  5. Taj, Afroz (1997). "About Hindi-Urdu". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 21 November 2014. Then, about seven centuries ago, the dialects of Hindi spoken in the region of Delhi began to undergo a linguistic change. In the villages, these dialects continued to be spoken much as they had been for centuries. But around Delhi and other urban areas, under the influence of the Persian-speaking Sultans and their military administration, a new dialect began to emerge which would be called Urdu. While Urdu retained the fundamental grammar and basic vocabulary of its Hindi parent dialects, it adopted the Persian writing system, "Nastaliq" and many additional Persian vocabulary words. Indeed, the great poet Amir Khusro (1253-1325) contributed to the early development of Urdu by writing poems with alternating lines of Persian and Hindi dialect written in Persian script. What began humbly as a hodge-podge language spoken by the Indian recruits in the camps of the Sultan's army, by the Eighteenth Century had developed into a sophisticated, poetic language. It is important to note that over the centuries, Urdu continued to develop side by side with the original Hindi dialects, and many poets have written comfortably in both. Thus the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term "Hindustani."
  6. Shackle, C. (1 January 1990). Hindi and Urdu Since 1800. Heritage Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 9788170261629. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  7. Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (1 January 2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. p. 243. ISBN 9788125025962. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  8. George, Rosemary Marangoly (21 November 2013). Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 9781107729551. Retrieved 21 November 2014. =Elsewhere Gandhi advocated for both Hindi and Hindustani (an amalgam of Hindi and Persianized Urdu that was in use in the north and could be written in either Nagri or Urdu/Persian script). In 1945, Gandhi resigned from the Hindi Sahitya when it advocated that Hindi was to be written exclusively in the Devanagri script. Over time, as both Hindi and Urdu became increasingly linked with Hindu and Muslim identity respectively, Hindustani had few advocates in India with voices powerful enough to drown out the opposition to it, especially after the trauma of partition. Hindi was deliberately Sanskritized to underline its Hindu roots and to create a purer etymology for the language.
  9. Everaert, Christine (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu. Brill. p. 268. ISBN 9789004177314. Retrieved 21 November 2014. According to some, Pakistani Urdu has been following the path of religious fanatics in the last twenty-five to thirty years, removing Hindi words from Urdu and replacing them by Persian and Arabic words. The Arab states of the Persian Gulf, where Pakistanis go in huge numbers to work during several years of their lives and who sponsor the conservative madaris, are taking the blame for this evolution. The foreign labourers returning to Pakistan after several years in Saudi Arabic and neighbouring countries are said to have been indoctrinated by their Arab hosts.
  10. Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780191533082. Retrieved 21 November 2014. In their formal spoken and written forms, Hindi and Urdu share a common grammar and much basic vocabulary. When Hindi and Urdu are spoken informally by most of the population, the differences present and clearly discernible in formal language tend to disappear to a very significant extent, and the two varieties become both mutually intelligible and often difficult to tell apart. This frequently used, colloquial form of Hindi and Urdu used in everyday conversation by the majority of speakers has in the past regularly been referred to with the term 'Hindustani'. It is also the form of language standardly used in Bollywood films, which are widely enjoyed by speakers of both Hindi and Urdu.
  11. Patel, Aakar. "Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred". Firstpost. Network 18. Retrieved 21 November 2014. Cartoon Network, Pogo and the rest were available in English also, of course. However, according to a cable operator from Allama Iqbal Town also quoted in the story, Pakistani children preferred their cartoons in Hindi. This is true of India also, where children including those studying in English schools, watch their cartoons only in Hindi.

See also

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