Horse Lava Tube System

The Horse Lava Tube System (or Horse system) is a series of lava tubes within Deschutes County, Oregon, of the United States. The system starts within the Deschutes National Forest on the northern flank of Newberry Volcano and heads north into and near the city of Bend.[1][2] The system continues north again to Redmond at the Redmond Caves and into the Redmond Canyon, where the last known segment is known to exist; however, the basalt flow that created the system goes beyond to Crooked River Ranch and terminates just short of the Crooked River Gorge.[2][3] The lava flow that created the Horse system is also referred to as the Horse Cave lobe[4] and it filled the ancient channel of the Deschutes River which at that time flowed around the east side of Pilot Butte.[2] The Horse Cave lobe is a part of the basalt of Lava Top Butte which also consists of the Arnold Lava Tube System, the Badlands rootless shield, and the Lava Top butte basalt.[4][5] All have a geologic age around 80,000 years old.[5]

Horse Lava Tube System
Vulture Cave of the Horse Lava Tube System
LocationDeschutes County, Oregon, United States
GeologyHorse Cave lobe; basalt of Lava Top Butte
DifficultyEasy to Moderate
AccessVaried
Cave surveyOngoing

History

The system got its name from Ronald Greeley of NASA who named it during his study of lava tubes for the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.[6] He based it on the first well known cave in the system: Horse Cave. Horse Cave was discovered in the early 1900s by a group of cowboys who, while tracking down some of their lost cattle, found the cave. In the process, the cowboys spooked a few horses who were taking shelter just inside the cave entrance.[7] However, the first known caves in the area may have actually been the Redmond Caves. During the 1870s an old stage road passed by their area.[8] Undoubtedly, though, many of the caves in the system were already known to prehistoric Native Americans, as attributed by archeological artifacts found within.[9]

In modern times, the caves of the system have been affected in different ways. Some caves are privately held, while others are under the jurisdiction of the city of Bend. The city of Bend holds 7 caves on their property, one of which was the Oregon Moonbase. The Oregon Moonbase was a lunar base analogue site and took place in Youngs Cave circa 1990.[10] The Department of State Lands holds 8 caves within their jurisdiction.[11] In Redmond, the Bureau of Land Management, in conjunction with the city of Redmond, manages 5 caves.[12] The Deschutes National Forest holds the spatter cone caves.[13] With so many land owners, the caves see different impacts. Some examples would be: some have been filled in and paved over, a couple have been incorporated into parts of private homes,[1] still others are seeing increased amounts of vandalism and defacement.[11]

Conservation

The major threat to the caves of the Horse system is development. The expanding city of Bend threatens their existence as the city's Urban Growth Boundary envelops the caves. Once in the hands of private developers, the caves' continued presence cannot be guaranteed.[14]

In an effort to work with private owners and state regulators, the Oregon High Desert Grotto has worked to help ensure their survival. In 1995, the Grotto participated in a cave restoration project of the Horse Caves. They removed garbage from the caves only to learn that two years later an equal amount of garbage had been redeposited back into the caves.[15] In 1997 the Grotto did two additional cleanups in conjunction with Z21 News, Off the Map Caving Society, Youth Challenge Program of the Oregon National Guard, students from Bend and Mountain View high schools, and the owner of the cave. The collaboration was able to achieve the removal of garbage and the scrubbing of graffiti from the walls.[15]

Recently, in 2006 to 2007 members of the Grotto worked in conjunction with the Department of State Lands. The Grotto surveyed and drafted maps of the 8 caves on the State's land. They also consulted in the management of the caves as well as the bats known to use the sites. In 2008, the Grotto received a participation award from State leaders for their volunteer work with the state.[16][17][18]

Caves of the Horse Lava Tube System

There are 122 known caves in the system, varying from the very small spatter cone and rootless vent caves (59), to the very large and multi-lateral lava tubes (63).[19] Length of the total traversable passage within the system is in excess of 22,000 feet.[19] Generally, only a few caves within the system are known to the public because the majority lie on private property. Over time, the popularity of the caves wax and wane, but a few seem to always remain in the local press. These include: The Horse Caves, The Redmond Caves, Stevens Cave, Lewis Farm Cave no. 1, and Youngs Cave.[1]

Spatter Cone Caves

The spatter cone caves are located at the vent for the Horse system. Characterized by small and short surface tubes or blister cavities. Most of the spatter cone caves are within a foot or two of the surface, and lie in or adjacent to the spatter cones of the vent area. There are roughly 40 of these small spatter cone caves in the vent area.[13]

Rootless Vent Caves

A small collection of caves similar to the spatter cone caves are located just north of the spatter cone area. They are called rootless vent caves because they are not sitting directly on the vent such as the spatter cone caves are. Their morphology is otherwise identical to the spatter cone caves. The rootless vent caves are also separated from the spatter cone caves by a younger lava flow associated with Klawhop Butte.[13] There are about 19 rootless vent caves in the Horse system.

Lava Tube Caves

The major caves of the Horse system are lava tubes. About 63 lava tubes are presently known. Some are really short at about 20 feet in length, while the longest has three paralleling passages and totals almost 4,000 feet in length.[20] More probably exist as some may not have natural entrances, and some may have had entrances that have been filled in over the last 100 years.

Miscellaneous Caves

A few other caves exist in the system. These are mostly surface tubes, though a couple are shelters or talus caves.[19]

See also

References
  1. Nakamura, Penny (2007-04-16), Bend home banking on cave appeal: Unique house is going on the market, archived from the original on 2008-01-16, retrieved 2009-07-09
  2. Champion, Duane E., Mapping Newberry Volcano's Extensive North Flank Basalts, 2002-05-14, abstract, archived from the original on 2011-06-08, retrieved 2009-07-19
  3. Skeels (2009-02-13). "Horse Lava Tube System Book". Oregon High Desert Grotto. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  4. Jensen, Robert A. (2009), A field guide to Newberry Volcano, Oregon; The Geological Society of America, Field Guide 15, pp. 53–79.
  5. Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M., Magnetic Excursion Recorded in Basalt at Newberry Volcano, Central Oregon, 2004, abstract, Bibcode:2004AGUFMGP43B0861C
  6. Greeley, Ronald (1971), Geology of Selected Lava Tubes in the Bend Area, Oregon, Bulletin 71 (Oregon State Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries), p. 47
  7. Howard, Randall R., "Volcanic Cave Wonders of the Northwest", The Pacific Monthly, 1911 Vol. 25 June, pp. 632–644
  8. Unknown (1954-02-08), "City of Redmond Takes New Interest in Ancient Caves", The Bend Bulletin, p. 6
  9. Skinner, Craig E. (2009-02-25), Something from Nothing at Bone Cave (35-DS-1469): An Archaeological Investigation of a Severely Disturbed Lava Tube Site in Central Oregon, archived from the original on 2011-07-14, retrieved 2009-07-09
  10. Gillet, Stephen, Preliminary Geologic Characterization of Young’s Cave Lava Tube System, Bend, Oregon, and Implications for Lunar Base Lava Tube Siting, Site Characterization and Phase One Development Plan for the Oregon Moonbase, ed. York (Singer), Cheryl Lynn, Bryce Walden, and Thomas L. Billings; (Oregon City, OR: The Oregon L-5 Society, Inc. (Oregon Moonbase) under NASA NASW-4460, 1990), 1990 14, pp. 14 + 8 Figures
  11. Flowers, Eric (2009-07-08), "Ground Down: Despite value, urban caves prove hard to protect", The Source Weekly, pp. 10–11, archived from the original on 2011-07-17, retrieved 2009-11-16
  12. Bureau of Land Management (September 2005), Upper Deschutes Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan (PDF), retrieved 2009-07-09
  13. Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. (2000), in Jensen, R.A., and Chitwood, L.A., eds., What’s New at Newberry Volcano, Oregon: Guidebook for the Friends of the Pleistocene Eighth Annual Pacific Northwest Cell Field Trip, pp. 177–180
  14. Skeels, Matt, "Grow North, Save the Caves" (PDF), The Source Weekly, 2007-07-25, p. 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17, retrieved 2009-12-02
  15. Nichols, Sarah (June 1997), "Horse Cave Community Restoration Project", The Oregon Underground, pp. 5–6
  16. Ramsayer, Kate (2009-04-18), "State Leaders Recognize Spelunkers for Exploring, Mapping Local Caves", The Bulletin, p. C1, C8, retrieved 2009-11-16
  17. State Land Board (2009). "Land Board Awards 2008". Department of State Lands. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  18. "State Land Board Meeting" (PDF). Department of State Lands. April 14, 2009. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2010. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 'It's my ... pleasure to present the 2008 partnership to the Oregon High Desert Grotto for their exceptional work at the Stevens Road property event.'
  19. Skeels, Matt (2015), The Middle Ground - 2015 NCA Regional Guidebook, p. 20
  20. Larson, Charles (1982), An Introduction to Caves of the Bend Area, Guidebook of the 1982 NSS Convention, p. 74

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