Horseradish peroxidase

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the roots of horseradish, is used extensively in biochemistry applications. It is a metalloenzyme with many isoforms, of which the most studied type is C. It catalyzes the oxidation of various organic substrates by hydrogen peroxide.

Horseradish peroxidase
Horseradish peroxidase C1[1]
Identifiers
OrganismArmoracia rusticana
SymbolPeroxidase C1A
Alt. symbolsPRXC1A
PDB1W4W More structures
UniProtP00433
Other data
EC number1.11.1.7

Structure

The structure of the enzyme was first solved by X-ray crystallography in 1997[2] and has since been solved several times with various substrates.[3] It is a large alpha-helical protein which binds heme as a redox cofactor.

Substrates

Alone, the HRP enzyme, or conjugates thereof, is of little value; its presence must be made visible using a substrate that, when oxidized by HRP using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, yields a characteristic color change that is detectable by spectrophotometric methods.[4][5]

Numerous substrates for horseradish peroxidase have been described and commercialized to exploit the desirable features of HRP. These substrates fall into several distinct categories. HRP catalyzes the conversion of chromogenic substrates (e.g., TMB, DAB, ABTS) into colored products, and produces light when acting on chemiluminescent substrates (e.g. Enhanced Chemiluminescence by luminol).

Some of the most common HRP chromogenic substrates. Luminol is the exception, as it is not a chromophore and light is generated after the HRP-catalyzed reaction.

Applications

Horseradish peroxidase is a 44,173.9-dalton glycoprotein with 6 lysine residues which can be conjugated to a labeled molecule. It produces a coloured, fluorimetric,[6] or luminescent derivative of the labeled molecule when incubated with a proper substrate, allowing it to be detected and quantified. HRP is often used in conjugates (molecules that have been joined genetically or chemically) to determine the presence of a molecular target. For example, an antibody conjugated to HRP may be used to detect a small amount of a specific protein in a western blot. Here, the antibody provides the specificity to locate the protein of interest, and the HRP enzyme, in the presence of a substrate, produces a detectable signal.[7] Horseradish peroxidase is also commonly used in techniques such as ELISA and Immunohistochemistry due to its monomeric nature and the ease with which it produces coloured products. Peroxidase, a heme-containing oxidoreductase, is a commercially important enzyme which catalyses the reductive cleavage of hydrogen peroxide by an electron donor.

Horseradish peroxidase is ideal in many respects for these applications because it is smaller, more stable, and less expensive than other popular alternatives such as alkaline phosphatase. It also has a high turnover rate that allows generation of strong signals in a relatively short time span.[8] High concentrations of phosphate severely decrease stability of horseradish peroxidase. In addition to biomedical applications, horseradish peroxidase is one of the enzymes with important environmental applications. This enzyme is suitable for the removal of hydroxylated aromatic compounds (HACs) that are considered to be primary pollutants in a wide variety of industrial wastewater.[9]

Moreover, "In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase has become a major tool. In its brief history, this method has probably been used by more neurobiologists than have used the Golgi stain since its discovery in 1870."[10]

Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL)
Main article: Chemiluminescence

Horseradish peroxidase catalyses the oxidation of luminol to 3-aminophthalate via several intermediates. The reaction is accompanied by emission of low-intensity light at 428 nm. However, in the presence of certain chemicals, the light emitted is enhanced up to 1000-fold, making the light easier to detect and increasing the sensitivity of the reaction. The enhancement of light emission is called enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). Several enhancers can be used such as the commonly known modified phenols (mainly iodo-phenol). However, there are several substrates on the market that use other enhancers which result in luminescence signals up to 13 times greater than phenol-enhanced substrates.[11] The intensity of light is a measure of the number of enzyme molecules reacting and thus of the amount of hybrid. ECL is simple to set up and is sensitive, detecting about 0.5 pg nucleic acid in Southern blots and in northern blots. Detection by chemiluminescent substrates has several advantages over chromogenic substrates. The sensitivity is 10- to 100-fold greater, and quantifying of light emission is possible over a wide dynamic range, whereas that for coloured precipitates is much more limited, about one order of magnitude less. Stripping filters are much easier when chemiluminescent substrates are used.

HRP mimics

Many materials have been explored to mimic natural HRP. For example, iron oxide nanoparticles and hemin-containing complexes have been used to mimic HRP.[12] These HRP-like artificial enzymes have been used for many applications, ranging from biomarker detection and tumor immunostaining to antibiofouling.

See also

References
  1. PDB: 1w4w​; Carlsson GH, Nicholls P, Svistunenko D, Berglund GI, Hajdu J (January 2005). "Complexes of horseradish peroxidase with formate, acetate, and carbon monoxide". Biochemistry. 44 (2): 635–42. doi:10.1021/bi0483211. PMID 15641789.
  2. PDB: 1ATJ​; Gajhede M, Schuller DJ, Henriksen A, Smith AT, Poulos TL (December 1997). "Crystal structure of horseradish peroxidase C at 2.15 A resolution". Nature Structural Biology. 4 (12): 1032–8. doi:10.1038/nsb1297-1032. PMID 9406554.
  3. "Peroxidase C1A Related PDB sequences". UniPDB. European Bioinformatics Institute.
  4. Veitch NC (February 2004). "Horseradish peroxidase: a modern view of a classic enzyme". Phytochemistry. 65 (3): 249–59. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.10.022. PMID 14751298.
  5. Akkara JA, Senecal KJ, Kaplan DL (October 1991). "Synthesis and characterization of polymers produced by horseradish peroxidase in dioxane". Journal of Polymer Science. 29 (11): 1561–74. Bibcode:1991JPoSA..29.1561A. doi:10.1002/pola.1991.080291105.
  6. Acharya AP, Nafisi PM, Gardner A, MacKay JL, Kundu K, Kumar S, Murthy N (2013). "A fluorescent peroxidase probe increases the sensitivity of commercial ELISAs by two orders of magnitude". Chem Commun. 49 (88): 10379–10381. doi:10.1039/c3cc44783a. PMC 4011665. PMID 24071916.
  7. Chau YP, Lu KS (1995). "Investigation of the blood-ganglion barrier properties in rat sympathetic ganglia by using lanthanum ion and horseradish peroxidase as tracers". Acta Anatomica. 153 (2): 135–44. doi:10.1159/000313647. PMID 8560966.
  8. Beyzavi K, Hampton S, Kwasowski P, Fickling S, Marks V, Clift R (March 1987). "Comparison of horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase-labelled antibodies in enzyme immunoassays". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 24 ( Pt 2) (2): 145–52. doi:10.1177/000456328702400204. PMID 3035992.
  9. Ghasempur S, Torabi SF, Ranaei-Siadat SO, Jalali-Heravi M, Ghaemi N, Khajeh K (October 2007). "Optimization of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative coupling process for phenol removal from wastewater using response surface methodology". Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (20): 7073–9. Bibcode:2007EnST...41.7073G. doi:10.1021/es070626q. PMID 17993150.
  10. Lichtman JW, Purves D (1985). "Cell marking with horseradish peroxidase". Principles of neural development. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-87893-744-8.
  11. High Intensity HRP-Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate Archived 2016-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. Haemoscan.com (2016-02-11). Retrieved on 2016-03-29.
  12. Wei H, Wang E (July 2013). "Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes". Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (14): 6060–93. doi:10.1039/C3CS35486E. PMID 23740388.
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