Hybotidae

Hybotidae, the typical dance flies, are a family of true flies. They belong to the superfamily Empidoidea and were formerly included in the Empididae as a subfamily.

"Dance fly" and "dance flies" redirect here. This term is also used for some Empididae.

Hybotidae
Temporal range: Barremian–Recent
Bicellaria spuria (Ocydromiinae: Bicellariini)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Brachycera
Infraorder: Asilomorpha
Superfamily: Empidoidea
Family: Hybotidae
Macquart, 1823
Subfamilies

Some, such as Tachydromia, are predators that run around on the bark of trees in complex patterns, hence the common name. Tachydromia species are only about three millimeters long.

Description
Right wing of the species Hybos grossipes, showing discal medial cell (dm) and first and second medial vein (M1+2)
Hybos caliciformis

Hybotidae share some similarities with the family Dolichopodidae, when looking at rotation of genetalia and wing characteristics. Male terminalia are rotated dextrally between 45° and 90°, excluding segment 7. Hybotidae wings always have a simple R4+5 vein, where the costa either ends near or at M1/M1+2, or near or at R4+5/R5. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from Dolichopodidae by the point of vein Rs, which it at a distance from the humeral crossvein (h) equal to or longer than the length of h.[1]

Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae.[2][3]

By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as tribe Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini[4] or Oedaleini,[5] or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.[2]

Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies,[1] the relationship between Hybotidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Hybotidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Atelestidae
 
 

Atelestinae

 
 

Nemedininae

 
 
 
 
Hybotidae
 

Bicellariinae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hybotinae

 
 

Oedaleinae

 
 
 

Ocydromiinae

 
 
 

Trichininae

 
 
Tachydromiinae
 
 

Tachydromiini

 
 

Symballaphthalmini

 
 
 

Drapetini

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Dolichopodidae

 
 
Ragadidae
 

Iteaphilinae

 
 

Ragadinae

 
 
Empididae
 

Clinocerinae

 
 
Brachystomatinae
 

Brachystomatini

 
 

Ceratomerini

 
 

Trichopezini

 
 
Empidinae
 
 

Chelipodini

 
 

Empidini

 
 
 
 

Hemerodromiini

 
 

Hilarini

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Systematic list
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected genera are:[3][6][7]

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820

Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae)

Ocydromiinae

Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini)

Trichininae (often included in Ocydromiinae)

Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini)

Tachydromiinae

  • †Archaeodrapetiops Martins-Neto et al. 1992 Tremembé Formation, Brazil, Chattian
  • †Cretoplatypalpus Kovalev 1978 Taimyr amber, Russia, Santonian, Canadian amber, Campanian
  • †Electrocyrtoma Cockerell 1917 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • †Mesoplatypalpus Grimaldi and Cumming 1999 Canadian amber, Campanian

Incertae sedis

References
  1. Wahlberg, Emma; Johanson, Kjell Arne (2018). "Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (4): 619–636. doi:10.1111/syen.12297. ISSN 1365-3113.
  2. Moulton, J. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (2007). "The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 701–713. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029. PMID 17468014.
  3. Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera) (PDF). Zootaxa. 1180. pp. 1–172. ISBN 978-1-877407-80-2. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  4. Jere Kahanpää (July 23, 2008). "Hybotidae". Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  5. "Hybotidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  6. Chvála, Milan (1983). The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 12. pp. 1–279.
  7. Chvála, Milan (1975). The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 3. Klampenborg: Scandinavian Science Press. pp. 1–336. ISBN 978-87-87491-04-4.
  8. Bradley J. Sinclair and Jeffrey M. Cumming (May 2006). "Morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea". North American Dipterists Society.
  9. Miroslav Barták & Štěpán Kubík (2009). "A new species of the genus Trichina (Diptera: Hybotidae) with a key to European species" (PDF). home.czu.cz.
  10. "Trichinomyia Tuomikoski, 1959". Natural History Museum.
  11. "Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889". NBN Atlas.
  12. Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2007). "Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1488: 1–164. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  13. Grootaert, Patrick; Van De Velde, Isabella; Shamshev, Igor V. (2015). "Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia". European Journal of Taxonomy. 112 (1): 1–10. doi:10.5852/ejt.2015.112. ISSN 2118-9773. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  14. Loew, H. (1864). "Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus)". Zeitschrift für Entomologie. Breslau. 14 (1860): 1–60.
  15. Arias, J. E. (1919). "Description preliminar de un nuevo Empido de Espana". Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. 19: 479–481.
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