Immigration to Russia

Immigration to Russia involves foreign citizens seeking permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. The standard immigration procedure consists of the following steps: obtaining a temporary residence permit; obtaining a permanent residence permit and obtaining Russian citizenship.[1] Under current law, one can receive citizenship of Russia after five years of residence and after passing an exam in Russian language. Immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs.[2] Immigration plays an important role in modern Russian demographic processes, accounting for the increase in the population from 2011.[3]

Russia maintains one of the world's most liberal immigration policies; anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided he or she has not committed a crime. Almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely [4] This reflects a policy change, in response to declining birth rates, on the part of the government of Vladimir Putin from the more restrictive policy enacted after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.[5] The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes encountered xenophobia. To counter this, pursuant to Russian hate-speech laws, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant groups, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

Russian-language native-speakers, those married to Russian citizens, highly-qualified specialists, businessmen and refugees are eligible for a simplified immigration procedure. It allows gaining citizenship in 3 years (instead of 5 under the standard procedure) or sometimes skipping temporary or permanent residency.[6]

Statistics
Countries with at least 1,000 persons, immigrating each year.[7][8]
CountryGross immigrationNet immigration
2000200520102015201620172018201920002005201020152016201720182019
Ukraine 74,748 30,760 27,508 194,810 178,274 150,182 137,776 161,351 39,147 18,120 21,230 146,131 118,819 47,691 14,822 64,245
Tajikistan 11,043 4,717 18,188 47,638 52,676 63,467 67,929 89,553 9,885 4,283 17,494 11,362 27,288 34,639 31,028 48,374
Kazakhstan 124,903 51,945 27,862 65,750 69,356 71,680 72,141 86,311 106,990 39,508 20,533 34,767 37,130 32,736 26,516 39,166
Armenia 15,951 7,581 19,890 45,670 43,929 46,898 46,442 71,984 14,432 6,961 19,192 20,533 11,993 13,999 14,358 35,109
Uzbekistan 40,810 30,436 24,100 74,242 60,977 64,073 55,378 60,796 37,724 29,841 23,266 −20,668 19,672 22,167 6,807 19,129
Kyrgyzstan 15,536 15,592 20,901 26,045 28,202 41,165 44,408 53,810 13,679 15,119 20,260 9,935 11,043 19,355 8,978 15,106
Azerbaijan 14,906 4,600 14,500 24,326 24,109 25,602 26,690 34,619 11,719 3,326 13,389 10,660 10,439 8,599 8,737 17,005
Moldova 11,652 6,569 11,814 34,026 32,418 31,369 30,676 26,513 9,415 5,783 11,197 17,380 14,364 9,605 7,688 5,385
Belarus 10,274 6,797 4,894 17,741 14,590 21,282 19,045 18,428 −3,002 763 1,995 4,909 2,127 11,770 7,191 6,283
China 1,121 432 1,380 9,043 8,027 8,237 7,067 15,306 463 −24 1,132 −778 −810 637 −477 6,679
Turkmenistan 6,738 4,104 2,283 6,539 7,242 8,734 10,509 14,632 6,062 3,979 2,178 2,320 2,418 2,873 2,951 6,198
Georgia
*Abkhazia (disp. status)
*South Ossetia (disp. status) 		20,213
–
–		 5,497
–
–		 5,245
814
33		 7,038
2,267
342		 6,511
2,261
216		 6,809
2,357
270		 6,345
1,975
260		 6,925
1,429
110		 18,411
-
-		 4,806
-
-		 4,786
732
23		 3,309
1,272
-282		 2,294
1,240
83		 2,586
1,975
180		 2,031
1,975
96		 2,840
147
-4
India 203 54 110 2,894 4,768 5,622 5,032 9,588 − 41 93 1,282 1,421 1,437 −185 4,326
Vietnam 182 114 921 4,012 3,735 3,912 3,981 6,742 149 69 889 1,004 394 1,194 684 3,461
Egypt 23 19 92 394 582 962 1,165 2,977
Germany 1,753 3,025 2,621 3,976 4,153 3,704 3,247 2,631 −38,690 −18,433 −1,104 −555 −541 −668 −1,962 −1,677
Syria 358 68 150 1,221 1,107 1,370 1,270 2,388 304 14 128 190 352 704 328 1,372
Turkey 164 86 562 2,091 1,626 1,600 1,765 2,283 60 1 415 −109 312 381 672 804
Morocco 131 38 72 1,059 1,303 1,808 1,707 1,833
Afghanistan 288 60 236 831 846 1,183 1,206 1,820 263 49 222 219 270 637 570 910
Iraq 42 36 94 652 955 965 773 1,769
North Korea 32 5 59 6,079 7,377 6,031 1,786 1,593 −15 0 44 −401 1,300 −793 −4,252 −313
Latvia 1,785 726 811 1,533 1,428 1,432 1,259 1,420 1,462 515 672 587 502 433 235 428
Mongolia 95 31 43 282 264 227 198 1,223
Total359,330177,230191,656598,617575,158589,033565,685701,234213,610107,432158,078245,384261,948211,878124,854285,103

Foreign population

As of June 2019, there are 10.13 million foreigners residing in the Russian Federation (up from 9.63 million in 2018 and 9.96 million in 2017), with the vast majority (85%) being citizens of CIS countries. Central Asians make up the most numerous group, followed by Ukrainian citizens. Temporary migration from Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan increased after a marked decline in 2015-2016. Two countries—Moldova and Ukraine—have steadily demonstrated a decrease in the number of migrants.[9]

Foreign residents from the CIS in Russia:[9]

Country of origin Population (2019) 2018–2019
change
 Uzbekistan2,188,835 +171,005
 Ukraine1,763,930 -177,519
 Tajikistan1,303,302 +179,348
 Kyrgyzstan716,118 +77,383
 Belarus655,846 +38,213
 Azerbaijan650,495 +42,759
 Kazakhstan496,096 +36,839
 Armenia491,767 -13,068
 Moldova326,178 -49,390

Foreign residents from selected EU countries and the US:

Country of origin Population (2019) 2018–2019
change
 Germany92,997 -3,036
 Finland53,880 -5,232
 United States37,160 -1,574
 France30,736 +3,255
 Italy22,155 -315
 United Kingdom16,752 -3,394
 Spain12,938 -148

Citizenship of immigrants as of 4th March 2015:[10]

1 Ukraine2,552,884
2 Uzbekistan2,131,300
3 Tajikistan963,489
4 Kazakhstan626,594
5 Azerbaijan562,787
6 Moldova557,592
7 Belarus529,953
8 Kyrgyzstan523,221
9 Armenia484,892
10 Germany238,293
11 China236,932
12 United States141,115
13 United Kingdom109,930
14 Turkey103,395
15 Finland68,963
16 Italy52,541
17 France50,622
18 Vietnam49,465
19 Spain45,445
20 Philippines40,168
21 Lithuania37,443
22 North Korea33,336
23 Canada31,916
24 Georgia31,076
25 India30,617
26 Israel29,589
27 Serbia29,499
28 Poland27,591
29 South Korea26,838
30 Latvia26,677
31 Australia25,809
32 Estonia25,599
33 Japan25,360
34 Turkmenistan24,340
35 Brazil23,958
36 Netherlands21,093
37 Mongolia15,749
38 Austria14,588
39  Switzerland14,233
40 Thailand14,087
41 Mexico12,478
42 Argentina10,674
43 Sweden10,587
44 Belgium10,485
45 Greece9,841
46 Denmark9,554
47 Singapore9,433
48 Iran8,672
49 Bulgaria8,543
50 Afghanistan8,520

See also

References
  1. Immigrate to Russia https://www.immigratetorussia.com/russian-residence-permit-2/
  2. "На просторах России". Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  3. "Demographics". Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  4. Malakhov, Vladimir S. (9 August 2014). "Russia as a New Immigration Country: Policy Response and Public Debate" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 66 (7): 1062–1079. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.934140. ISSN 0966-8136. S2CID 153983927. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  5. Ragozin, Leonid (March 13, 2017). "Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  6. How to Immigrate to Russia // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 22.04.2020.
  7. "Migration of the people" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
  8. Demography. "International migration" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
  9. "Мониторинг экономической ситуации в России" (PDF). Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  10. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316142557/http://www.fms.gov.ru/about/statistics/data/details/54891/


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