Isotone

Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same neutron number N, but different proton number Z. For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons, and so are isotones. Similarly, 36S, 37Cl, 38Ar, 39K, and 40Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its similarity to the Greek for "same stretching", the term was formed by the German physicist K. Guggenheimer[1] by changing the "p" in "isotope" from "p" for "proton" to "n" for "neutron".[2]

This article is about a concept in nuclear physics. For biochemistry, see Isotonicity. For the mathematical meaning, see monotonic function.
Nuclear physics
Nucleus · Nucleons (p, n) · Nuclear matter · Nuclear force · Nuclear structure · Nuclear reaction
Models of the nucleus
Liquid drop · Nuclear shell model · Interacting boson model · Ab initio
Nuclides' classification
Isotopes – equal Z
Isobars – equal A
Isotones – equal N
Isodiaphers – equal N − Z
     Isomers – equal all the above
Mirror nuclei – Z ↔ N
Stable · Magic · Even/odd · Halo (Borromean)
Nuclear stability
Binding energy · p–n ratio · Drip line · Island of stability · Valley of stability · Stable nuclide
Radioactive decay
Alpha α · Beta β (2β, β+) · K/L capture · Isomeric (Gamma γ · Internal conversion) · Spontaneous fission · Cluster decay · Neutron emission · Proton emission
Nuclear fission
Spontaneous · Products (pair breaking) · Photofission
Capturing processes
electron (2×) · neutron (s · r) · proton (p · rp)
High-energy processes
Spallation (by cosmic ray) · Photodisintegration
Nucleosynthesis and
nuclear astrophysics
Nuclear fusion
Processes: Stellar · Big Bang · Supernova
Nuclides: Primordial · Cosmogenic · Artificial
High-energy nuclear physics
Quark–gluon plasma · RHIC · LHC
Scientists
Alvarez · Becquerel · Bethe · A. Bohr · N. Bohr · Chadwick · Cockcroft · Ir. Curie · Fr. Curie · Pi. Curie · Skłodowska-Curie · Davisson · Fermi · Hahn · Jensen · Lawrence · Mayer · Meitner · Oliphant · Oppenheimer · Proca · Purcell · Rabi · Rutherford · Soddy · Strassmann · Świątecki · Szilárd · Teller · Thomson · Walton · Wigner
Nuclide half-lives colorcoded

The largest numbers of observationally stable nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: 86Kr, 88Sr, 89Y, 90Zr, 92Mo) and 82 (six: 138Ba, 139La, 140Ce, 141Pr, 142Nd, 144Sm). Neutron numbers for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more. In contrast, the proton numbers for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more.[3] This is related to nuclear magic numbers, the number of nucleons forming complete shells within the nucleus, e.g. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. No more than one stable nuclide has the same odd neutron number, except for 1 (2H and 3He), 5 (9Be and 10B), 7 (13C and 14N), 55 (97Mo and 99Ru), and 107 (179Hf and 180mTa). Odd neutron numbers for which there is a stable nuclide and a primordial radionuclide are 27 (50V), 65 (113Cd), 81 (138La), 85 (147Sm), and 105 (176Lu). Neutron numbers for which there are two primordial radionuclides are 88 (151Eu and 152Gd) and 112 (187Re and 190Pt).

See also

Notes
  1. Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor, By Marshall Brucer, J Nucl Med 19: 581-598, 1978
  2. Pauling, Linus (1998). General Chemistry. Dover. p. 94. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.
  3. via File:NuclideMap_stitched.png; note also Isotopes of bismuth
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