Israeli Navy

INS Eilat, ex-Royal Navy Z-class destroyer sold to Israel in 1955

The origins of the Israeli Navy lay in the founding of the Betar Naval Academy, a Jewish naval training school established in Civitavecchia, Italy, in 1934 by the Revisionist Zionist movement under the direction of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, The Academy trained cadets from all over Europe, Palestine and South Africa and produced some of the future commanders of the Israeli Navy. In September 1937, the training ship Sarah I visited Haifa and Tel Aviv as part of a Mediterranean tour.

INS Gal at the Naval Museum, Haifa

In 1938, encouraged by the Jewish Agency, Dr. Shlomo Bardin founded the Marine High School in Bosmat, the Technion's Junior Technical College. 1943 witnessed the founding of the Palyam, the naval branch of the Palmach, whose training was undertaken at the maritime school. The Jewish merchant marine was also raised, operating SS Tel-Aviv and cargo ships such as Atid.

In 1942, eleven hundred Haganah volunteers joined the Royal Navy, mostly in technical roles (12 of them were officers by the nomination agreement of the Jewish Agency with the Royal Navy). A few reached sea service and combat service. Two of them served with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), one of whom was Edmond Wilhelm Brillant and the other Zvi Avidror. With the end of the Second World War and the start of the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, Palyam members took part in clandestine immigration activities, bringing Europe's Jews to Palestine, as well as commando actions against Royal Navy deportation ships. Royal Navy volunteers, meanwhile, rejoined the Haganah.

During the last months of British Mandate in Palestine, the former Royal Navy volunteers started work on the captured clandestine immigration ships (known as the Fleet of Shadows) in Haifa harbor, salvaged a few and pressed them into service. These were to become the Navy's first ships and saw service in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence.

Israeli missile boats on parade, 1971

At the outset of the 1948 war and with the founding of the IDF, the Israeli Navy consisted of four former Aliyah Bet ships impounded in Haifa harbor. These ships were refurbished by a newly formed naval repair facility with the assistance of two private shipbuilding and repair companies. In October 1948, a submarine chaser was purchased from the United States. With the founding of the IDF in early 1948, the Israeli Navy was therefore formed from a core of the following personnel:[2][3]

• Royal Navy volunteers with the technical skills and discipline acquired from the Royal Navy, though with no active sea service and experience on Royal Navy ships.
• Palyam members who had led the clandestine and immigration effort, but had no sea background in navigation or leading a ship into a battle. The captains of clandestine and immigration ships were Italian, while Palyam personnel were commanding the ship under instructions from the Haganah. Ike Aharonowitch, captain of Exodus and a Jew, was the exception rather than the rule.
• Merchant Marine captains and chief engineers, possessing navigation skills but lacking combat skills.
• Jewish volunteers[4][5] from the United States Navy and Royal Navy, such as Commander Paul Shulman[6] of the U.S. Navy, and Commanders Solomon and Allen Burk of the Royal Navy.[7] These, however, were often discriminated against and their experience wasted by a navy command that was based on the Palmach and its various branches. This resulted in odd situations where unskilled officers from the Palyam were in command of far more experienced naval officers.

During the war, the warships served on coastal patrol duties and bombarded Arab targets on land, including Egyptian coastal installations in and around the Gaza area all the way to Port Said.[8] The Israeli Navy also engaged the Egyptian Navy at sea during Operation Yoav, and the Egyptian Navy's flagship, Emir Farouk, was sunk in an operation by Israeli naval commandos.

Torpedo boats of the Israeli Navy. Built by Chantiers Navals de Meulan, France.

Palyam personnel often resisted efforts to instill order, discipline and rank in the newly formed service. Mess rooms were initially shared by both officers and enlisted men. Ships possessed a captain with nautical skills, but also a commanding officer regarded as political. This would cause a great deal of debate between veterans of the Palyam, Royal Navy volunteers from the Haganah and U.S. Navy Machal volunteers about what form the Navy should take.[2][9][10] Commander Allen Burk is reputed to have said, out of despair, "You cannot make naval officers from cowboys".[3]

Royal Navy Captain Ashe Lincoln,[11] who was Jewish, advised Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to purchase corvettes, frigates, destroyers, torpedo boats, and patrol boats to build up the Israeli Navy power. To that end, he urged Ben-Gurion to consult with professional navy advisers. This resulted in instructions to contact U.S. Navy advisors, mainly Commander Paul Shulman from the U.S. Navy.

The Israeli Navy suffered from a lack of professional command during its early days.[2] Gershon Zak, head of the IDF "Sea Service", was a teacher and bureaucrat without any relevant experience. Having never been recruited into the IDF, Zak was a civilian and had no official rank. The early days of the Israeli Navy were therefore characterized by political infighting, as many groups and individuals jockeyed for power. Palyam politics blocked the nomination of Paul Shulman (a Jewish U.S. Navy officer with a rank of Commander who volunteered for the Israeli Navy) as Navy-Commander in Chief and he resigned in 1949. The first Navy-Commander in Chief awarded the rank of Aluf was Shlomo Shamir.[2]

The conclusion of the 1948 war afforded the navy the time to build up its strength. Beginning in the early 1950s the navy purchased frigates, torpedo boats, destroyers, and eventually submarines. The material build-up was accompanied by the training of Israeli Navy officers in Royal Navy academies in the UK and Malta, as well as in France.

Three distinct periods characterize the history of the Israeli Navy:

• Foundation and early days
• The destroyers' age
• The missile boats era, beginning in 1965 and bearing fruit during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[12][13]

Until 1967 the Naval Headquarters were located at Stella-Marris, on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Haifa. After the Six-Day War it was relocated to the Kirya in Tel Aviv, next to IDF Headquarters.

INS Rahav

Sa'ar 5-class missile сorvettes of the Israeli Navy

Shayetet 13, Naval commandos

• Haifa – Shayetet 3 (Missile Boats Flotilla), the Submarine Flotilla, Patrol Boats Squadron 914.

The emblem of the Haifa naval base is two arrows – one signifying the Missile Boats Flotilla and the other the Submarine Flotilla.

• Atlit – home to Shayetet 13, the navy's elite commando unit.
• Ashdod – mainly a base for Patrol Boats Squadron 916.

The emblem of the Ashdod naval base is two opposing arrows.

• Eilat – Patrol Boats Squadron 915.

Eilat naval base was founded in 1951 and has been responsible for the Israeli Navy's Red Sea theater since 1981, when the Red Sea Naval Command Center was withdrawn from Sharm el-Sheikh in accordance with the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty.

The emblem of the Eilat naval base represents the red roofs of Eilat.

• The Naval Training base – located in Haifa, contains the submarine operations school, the missile boat operations school and the naval command school. The naval training base also functions as the Israeli Naval Academy.

The emblem of the Haifa training base is an owl, symbolizing wisdom and hard learning.

• Mamtam – IT, processing and computing.

Mamtam is a small unit responsible for all Israeli Navy signal and IT systems, both logistic and operational. The soldiers that serve there are mainly programmers and university graduates in engineering, computer science and other technological professions.

• Naval Shipyards
• Navy Headquarters – HaKirya, Tel Aviv.

"INS" stands for "Israeli Navy Ship".[17]

Corvettes

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 5		INS Eilat (Eilat) INS Lahav (Blade) INS Hanit (Spear)	1994 1994 1995	United States	U.S. built class
Sa'ar 6		INS Magen (Shield)	2020	Germany	Three more planned

Missile boats

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 4.5		INS Romach, pronounced [ʁomaχ] (Lance) INS Keshet (Bow) INS Hetz, pronounced [ˈχet͡s] (Arrow) INS Kidon (Javelin) INS Tarshish (Tarshish) INS Yaffo (Jaffa) INS Herev, pronounced [χeʁev] (Sword) INS Sufa (Storm)	1981 1982 1991 1995 1995 1998 2002 2003	Israel	INS Kidon was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994 INS Tarshish was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998 INS Yaffo was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998

Submarines

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Dolphin class		INS Dolphin (Dolphin) INS Livyathan (Whale) INS Tekumah (Revival)	1999 1999 2000	Germany	German built submarines
AIP Dolphin 2 class		INS Tanin (Crocodile) INS Rahav (Rahab) INS Drakon (Dragon)	2012 2014 2019	Germany

Patrol boats

Class[18]	Photo	Number of ships	Commissioned	Origin	Notes
Dvora		9	1988	Israel
Super Dvora Mk II		4	1996	Israel
Super Dvora Mk III		13	2004	Israel
Shaldag		5	1989	Israel
Defender		9	2002	Israel
Rafael Protector USV			2000s	Israel	Unmanned Naval Patrol Vehicles
Silver Marlin			2006?	Israel	USV Naval Patrol Vehicles

Aircraft

Israeli AS565MA Atalef, 2007

Aircraft operated by the Israeli Navy, even when including on-board Navy mission specialists, are flown and maintained by Israeli Air Force personnel and are part of the air force command structure.

• 193 Squadron – Eurocopter AS565 Panther – 7[19]

Equipment

Israel Aerospace Industries Gabriel missile

• Barak 1 – Point-defence SAM
• Barak 8 – Long range SAM and anti-missile defence system
• Gabriel – sea-to-sea missile
• Harpoon – anti-ship missile
• Popeye (AGM-142 Have Nap) – air/sub-launched cruise missile. Dolphin-class submarines believed to carry Popeye Turbo with a range >1500 km and the option for nuclear warheads.
• Typhoon Weapon Station – remote-operated 25mm gun system
• NAVLAR Artillery Rocket System
• EL/M-2221 STGR – Search, Track & Guidance/Gunnery Radar
• EL/M-2228S AMDR – Automatic Missile Detection Radar
• EL/M-2228X SGRS – Surveillance & Gunnery Radar System
• EL/M-2238 STAR – Surveillance & Threat Alert Radar
• EL/M-2226 ACSR – Advanced Coastal Surveillance Radar

ThyssenKrupp will build four Sa'ar patrol vessels for EEZ duties such as protecting offshore gas fields.[22] The ships will be based on the MEKO A-100 design[22] like Germany's Braunschweig-class corvettes, suggesting they will be 90 m (295 ft) long and displace around 1,800 tonnes, named Sa'ar 6-class corvette. This deal was signed in December 2014 and Germany is believed to be contributing up to €115m of the €1 billion cost.[23] Previously Israel had hoped to acquire an up-armed version of the Freedom class of littoral combat ships from Lockheed Martin, but spiralling costs had made this impossible, along with a fallback option from Northrop Grumman/Huntington Ingalls Industries which built the Sa'ar 5 class.

Currently under construction is a sixth Dolphin 2 submarine (INS Drakon). Additionally, Israel signed an MoU with Germany for the construction of three more Dolphin 2 submarines with expected delivery in the late 2020s which will replace its three Dolphin 1 submarines delivered in the late 1990s.

The Israeli Navy signed an agreement with Israel Shipyards for the design and supply of a new class of missile boats based on Israel Shipyards' Sa'ar 72-class corvette that will replace its Sa'ar 4.5 ships starting in the mid-2020s. Israel Shipyards will also construct a large dry dock which will enable it to outfit the new Sa'ar 6 corvettes with various Israeli-made systems, as well as service and maintain the Sa'ar 6 corvettes and Dolphin submarines.[24]

The Israeli Navy is small compared to other Navies and the officers chain of command is as follows with respect to Royal – Navy / United States:[25]

Officers

Equivalent NATO Code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1						OF(D) & Student officer
Israeli Navy	No equivalent
							Major General (אלוף)		Brigadier General (תת אלוף)		Colonel (אלוף משנה)		Lieutenant Colonel (סגן אלוף)		Major (רב סרן)		Captain (סרן)		Lieutenant (סגן)			Second Lieutenant (סגן משנה)			Superior Academic Officer (קצין אקדמי בכיר)						Professional Academic Officer (קצין מקצועי אקדמי)

Enlisted

Equivalent NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Israeli Navy																											No equivalent						No insignia		No equivalent
	Chief warrant officer (רב-נגד (רנ"ג			Command Sergeant Major (רב-סמל בכיר (רס"ב			Sergeant Major (רב-סמל מתקדם (רס"מ	Master Sergeant (רב-סמל ראשון (רס"ר	Sergeant First Class (רב-סמל (רס"ל		Staff Sergeant (סמל ראשון (סמ"ר						Sergeant סמל						Corporal (רב טוראי (רב"ט										Private טוראי

Sleeve rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is a rank of honor. This began as special permission from Lt. General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (then chief of staff of the IDF) and allows the Navy Commander-in-Chief to have a sleeve rank of Vice Admiral which is equal to Lt. General, the rank of the IDF Chief of Staff. However the de facto rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is Rear Admiral and the gesture given to the navy is ceremonial only when meeting foreign commanding officers.

The same resolution as mentioned above applies to the rank of Commodore. There is ceremonial-only sleeve rank of Rear–Admiral while by the IDF hierarchy and chain of command he remains a commodore.

• Cherbourg Project
• INS Dakar
• Military equipment of Israel
• Betar Naval Academy
• Israel Defense Forces ranks
• List of flags of Israel
• Israeli Naval Academy

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israeli Navy.

• Sea Corps Official Site (in Hebrew)
• History of the Navy North American Volunteers in Israel's War of Independence
• Israeli submarines
• World Navies Today: Israel