Jin Yong

Louis Cha Leung-yung[2] GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; 6 February 1924 – 30 October 2018),[3] better known by his pen name Jin Yong (Chinese: 金庸), pronounced "Gum Yoong" in Cantonese, was a Chinese wuxia ("martial arts and chivalry") novelist and essayist who co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Pao in 1959 and served as its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer.[4]

In this Chinese name, the family name is Cha (Zha).
Prof the Honourable

Louis Cha

GBM OBE
Jin Yong in July 2007
Native name
查良鏞
Born(1924-02-06)6 February 1924
Haining, Zhejiang, Republic of China
Died30 October 2018(2018-10-30) (aged 94)
Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
Resting placeHoi Wui Tower, Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, Hong Kong
OccupationNovelist, essayist, newspaper founder and editor, policymaker
LanguageChinese
Alma materSoochow University
University of Cambridge[1]
Peking University
Period1955–1972
GenreWuxia
Spouse
  • Du Zhifen
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1948; div. 1953)​
  • Zhu Mei
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1953; div. 1976)​
  • Lin Leyi
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1976; his death 2018)​
Children4
Chinese name
Chinese金庸
Birth name
Traditional Chinese查良鏞
Simplified Chinese查良镛
Website
www.jinyong.com

His wuxia novels have a widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia writers ever. By the time of his death he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide[5] (not including an unknown number of pirated copies).[6] According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature, Jin Yong's novels are considered to be of very high quality and are able to appeal to both highbrow and lowbrow tastes.[4] His works have the unusual ability to transcend geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving a greater success than any other contemporary Hong Kong writer.[4]

His works have been translated into many languages including English, French, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, Malay and Indonesian. He has many fans outside of Chinese-speaking areas, as a result of the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, comics and video games.

The asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR2) is named after him.[7]

Jin Yong is named along with Gu Long and Liang Yusheng as the "Three Legs of the Tripod of Wuxia".

Early life

Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (海寧查氏),[8] whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭; died 1727).[9] His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (查文清), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (查樞卿), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s. Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s.[10]

Cha was an avid reader of literature from an early age, especially wuxia and classical fiction. He was once expelled from his high school for openly criticising the Nationalist government as autocratic. He studied at Jiaxing No. 1 Middle School in 1937 but was expelled in 1941. He continued his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943.[11]

Education

Cha was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the Central University of Political Affairs in Chongqing.[12] Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at Soochow University, where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service.

In 2005, Cha applied at Cambridge University for a doctorate in Asian Studies, which he obtained in 2010. In 2009, Cha applied for another doctorate in Chinese literature at Peking University, which he earned in 2013.[13]

Career

Cha was a journalist. When Cha was transferred to New Evening Post (of British Hong Kong) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "Liang Yusheng" in 1953. Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword, in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company.

In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin (沈寶新). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 Chinese characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's taiji classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, where he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts.[14]

By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions.

In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After Deng Xiaoping, a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the reform and opening-up process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng.[15] He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee but resigned in protest after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989. He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the 1997 transfer of sovereignty.[16]

In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in Ming Pao.

Personal life

Cha's parents were Zha Shuqing (查樞卿) and Xu Lu (徐祿). He had four brothers and two sisters, and was the second oldest among the seven of them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian (查良鏗; 1916–1988),[17] Zha Lianghao (查良浩; b. 1934),[18] Zha Liangdong (查良棟; fl. 1930s)[19] and Zha Liangyu (查良鈺; b. 1936).[20] His sisters were Zha Liangxiu (查良琇; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan (查良璇; 1928–2002).[21][22]

Cha married three times. His first wife was Du Zhifen (杜治芬), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei (朱玫), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia (查傳俠), Zha Chuanti (查傳倜), Zha Chuanshi (查傳詩) and Zha Chuanne (查傳訥). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi (林樂怡; b. 1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they married.[23] In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after a quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at Columbia University.[24][25]

Death

On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong, aged 94.[26]

His funeral service was held privately at Hong Kong Funeral Home in Quarry Bay in 13 November 2018 with his family and friends,[27] with well known figures including writers Ni Kuang, Chua Lam, Chip Tsao, Benny Lee, producer Zhang Jizhong, actor Huang Xiaoming, former President of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Poon Chung-kwong, image designer Tina Liu, politicians Tung Chee-hwa and Edward Leong, and founder of Alibaba Group Jack Ma among them in attendance.

At noon, his coffin was moved to Po Lin Monastery at Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, where he was cremated and his ashes was interred at the Hoi Wui Tower’s columbarium.[28][29]

Decorations and conferments

In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours.

Cha was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004) by the French government.[30]

Cha was also an honorary professor at Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nankai University, Soochow University, Huaqiao University, National Tsing Hua University, Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies), the University of British Columbia, and Sichuan University. Cha was an honorary doctor at National Chengchi University, Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Open University of Hong Kong, the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge. He was also an honorary fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge, and a Waynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate.[31] In July 2010, Cha earned his Doctor of Philosophy in oriental studies (Chinese history) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession in the early Tang dynasty.[32][33]

Works

Cha wrote a total of 16 fictional works, of which one is an only non-Wuxia short story (Yue Yun),changed. 2 novellas (White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind and Blade-dance of the Two Lovers), a standalone novel (Ode to Gallantry),,,and the other 11 are loosely connected novels of varying lengths. along with a novelette ("Sword of the Yue Maiden") Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in book editions. The works are:

English title Chinese title[T 1] Date of first publication[34] First published publication[34] Character count
The Book and the Sword書劍恩仇錄8 February 1955 – 5 September 1956New Evening Post513,000
Sword Stained with Royal Blood碧血劍1 January 1956 – 31 December 1956Hong Kong Commercial Daily488,000
The Legend of the Condor Heroes射鵰英雄傳1 January 1957 – 19 May 1959Hong Kong Commercial Daily918,000
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain雪山飛狐9 February 1959 – 18 June 1959New Evening Post130,000
The Return of the Condor Heroes神鵰俠侶20 May 1959 – 5 July 1961Ming Pao979,000
The Young Flying Fox飛狐外傳11 January 1960 – 6 April 1962Wuxia and History (武俠與歷史)439,000
White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind白馬嘯西風16 October 1961 – 10 January 1962Ming Pao67,000
Blade-dance of the Two Lovers鴛鴦刀1 May 1961 – 31 May 1961Ming Pao34,000
The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre倚天屠龍記6 July 1961 – 2 September 1963Ming Pao956,000
A Deadly Secret連城訣12 January 1964 – 28 February 1965Southeast Asia Weekly (東南亞周刊)229,000
Demigods and Semi-Devils天龍八部3 September 1963 – 27 May 1966Ming Pao and Nanyang Siang Pau1,211,000
Ode to Gallantry俠客行11 June 1966 – 19 April 1967Ming Pao364,000
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer笑傲江湖20 April 1967 – 12 October 1969Ming Pao979,000
The Deer and the Cauldron鹿鼎記24 October 1969 – 23 September 1972Ming Pao1,230,000
Sword of the Yue Maiden越女劍1 January 1970 – 31 January 1970Ming Pao evening supplement16,000
Yue Yun月雲2000Harvest Magazine3,800+
  1. Click to sort in order of the first-character couplet "飛雪連天射白鹿 笑書神俠倚碧鴛".

Of these, the long novels The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber make up the Condor Trilogy (considered by many to be Cha's magnum opus) and should be read in that order. The novel Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils is a prequel story to the Condor Trilogy as the Northern Beggar of the Five Greats, Hong Qigong succeeds Qiao Feng as the new chief of the Beggars' Sect in The Legend of the Condor Heroes and Duan Yu is the fictional ancestor of the historical character Duan Zhixing who later becomes the Reverend Yideng, another member of the Five Greats in The Legend of the Condor Heroes. Aqing, the protagonist of the novelette, The "Sword of the Yue Maiden" is the ancestor of Han Xiaoying from The Legend of the Condor Heroes. Together, the word count of the novels and the novelette is 4080000. The novella Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and its prequel novel The Young Flying Fox are companion works with the same protagonist, and numerous characters from The Book and the Sword appear in The Young Flying Fox. Together, the word count of the novels is 1082000. Wu Liuqi, a historical character from The Deer and the Cauldron, is mentioned in the third edition of A Deadly Secret. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear in Cha's final novel The Deer and the Cauldron as minor characters, and some characters and sects from The Smiling, Proud Wanderer are mentioned in Sword Stained with Royal Blood. Together, the word count of the novels is 2926000.

Couplet

After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined together to form a couplet with 7 characters on each line:

Traditional Chinese

飛雪連天射白鹿
笑書神俠倚碧鴛

Simplified Chinese

飞雪连天射白鹿
笑书神侠倚碧鸳

Loose translation

Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;
Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one, leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans.

  • "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet would not be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it was not even considered a book.

Editions

Most of Cha's works were initially published in instalments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao. The Return of the Condor Heroes was his first novel serialised in Ming Pao, launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" (新版), also known as "Revised Edition" (修訂版), in contrast with the "Old Edition" (舊版), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "Blood Red Bird" (小紅鳥) and "Qin Nanqin" (秦南琴), the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition.

In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House (遠景出版社).

In China, the Wulin (武林) magazine in Guangzhou was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's SDX Joint Publishing in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia (明河社星马分公司) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995.

From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second and last time. Each of his works was carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, The Deer and the Cauldron. The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" (世紀新修版), "New Revised Edition" (新修版) and "New New Edition" (新新版), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan,[35] and many martial art skills and places have their names changed. This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" (新版) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe (明河社). In mainland China, it is re-issued as "Langsheng, Old Edition" (朗声旧版) in simplified Chinese characters format.

Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism
Statue of Cha on Taohua Island, Zhejiang Province

Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non-Han Chinese peoples such as the Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols and Manchus. However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty.

Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, martial arts, music, calligraphy, weiqi, tea culture, philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which are real.

His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – Yang Guo's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü in The Return of the Condor Heroes. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour.

In all but his 14th work, The Deer and the Cauldron, the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. In each, the heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth.

In The Deer and the Cauldron, Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist Wei Xiaobao an antihero who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an antihero possessing none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanising weasel, with no admirable qualities whatsoever. The fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote a connected critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers.

Criticisms

The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: Jinology. For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among the most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang. Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called I Read Jin Yong's Novels (我看金庸小說).

Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution; others were banned in the Republic of China (Taiwan) as they were thought to be in support of the Communist Party of China. None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping, for example, was a well-known reader himself.

In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House (人民教育出版社) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels.[36]

Timeline
EraDynastyNovel
5th century BCEastern Zhou
(Late Spring and Autumn period)		The Sword of the Yue Maiden
11th centuryNorthern SongDemigods and Semi-Devils
13th centurySouthern SongThe Legend of the Condor Heroes
The Return of the Condor Heroes
14th centuryLate YuanThe Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre
16th centuryMingOde to Gallantry
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer
17th centuryLate MingThe Sword Stained With Royal Blood
17th centuryQingThe Deer and the Cauldron
A Deadly Secret
White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind
18th centuryQingBlade-dance of the Two Lovers
The Book and the Sword
The Young Flying Fox
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain
1930sThe Republic of ChinaYue Yun (Moon Cloud)

Translations of Cha's works

Official English translations currently available include:

Other works available in English include:

Adaptations

There are over 90 films and TV shows adapted from Cha's wuxia novels, including King Hu's The Swordsman (1990) and its sequel Swordsman II (1992), Wong Jing's 1992 films Royal Tramp and Royal Tramp II, and Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time (1994). Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, a notable example of which is Heroes of Jin Yong, which was based on the major characters and events in Cha's novels.

As film director

Jin Yong co-directed 2 films produced by Hong Kong's Great Wall Movie Enterprises. In both films he is credited as Cha Jing-yong, his official name in Hong Kong.

Year English title Chinese title Notes
1958The Nature of Spring有女懷春Co-directed with Cheng Bugao, also writer
1960Bride Hunter王老虎搶親Co-directed with Woo Siu-fung, Yue opera film

See also

References
  1. "'Cha Stone' unveiled". St John's College, Cambridge. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  2. "THE PRECEDENCE LIST OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" (PDF). Protocol Division Government Secretariat of Hong Kong. October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  3. Foong, Woei Wan (30 October 2018). "Obituary: Jin Yong fused martial arts fantasy, history and romance into must-read novels". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  4. Sturrock, John (1997). The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-283318-1.
  5. Jin Yong and Daisaku Ikeda (2013). Compassionate Light in Asia: A Dialogue. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1848851986.
  6. (in Chinese) 金庸与武侠影视 CCTV. 24 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  7. Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000) IAU: Minor Planet Center 13 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  8. Frisch, Nick (13 April 2018). "The Gripping Stories, and Political Allegories, of China's Best-Selling Author". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
  9. Chen, Mo (2001). Shijue Jin Yong (視覺金庸) (in Chinese). Volume 1 (卷初). Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9573244653.
  10. "金庸父亲查枢卿1950年被人民政府枪决内幕(图) [Behind the People's Government's execution of Jin Yong's father Zha Shuqing in 1950 (illustrated)]". wenxuecity.com (in Chinese). 18 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  11. "Jin Yong and Quzhou". Zhejiang Quzhou No. 1 Middle School (in Chinese). 1 October 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  12. Li, Wei. "Brief profile of Jin Yong". Jin Yong Inn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  13. Kao, Ernest (2013). "Martial arts novelist Louis Cha earns doctorate from Peking University, say reports". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  14. Wu, Kung-tsao (2006) [1980]. Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan (吳家太極拳). Chien-ch'uan T'ai-chi Ch'uan Association. ISBN 978-0-9780499-0-4.
  15. Hamm, John Christopher (2006). Paper Swordsmen: Jin Yong And the Modern Chinese Martial Arts Novel. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780824828950.
  16. "Novelist, newspaper founder and sage". Asiaweek. 24 September 1999. Archived from the original on 20 September 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2007.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. "查良铿与金庸:"情比金坚"手足情 [The relationship between Jin Yong and Zha Liangjian is "stronger than metal"]". www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). 3 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  18. "金庸大弟查良浩：代哥当上董事长 [Jin Yong's brother Zha Lianghao: Replacing his brother as Board Chairman]". hao1111.cn (in Chinese). 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. 金庸和他的两位母亲 生母是徐志摩堂姑妈
  20. Pan, Zeping. "金庸兄弟的手足情 [The relationships between Jin Yong and his brothers]". shuku.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  21. 金庸旧照上的印痕- 蒋连根(图)
  22. "金庸和他的两个妹妹 [Jin Yong and his two younger sisters]". www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). 7 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  23. "中国最著名的十大老夫少妻【图】 [Ten Most Famous Old Husband Young Wife Couples in China (Illustrated)]". laonanren.com (in Chinese). 13 August 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  24. Swashbuckler Extraordinaire – A Profile of Jin Yong Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Taiwan Panorama. 1998. Retrieved 10 January 2010
  25. "揭"大侠"金庸4子女：长子查传侠19岁时为情自缢 [Jin Yong's four children: Eldest son Zha Chuanxia hanged himself at the age of 19 due to relationship problems]". culture.ifeng.com (in Chinese). 1 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  26. "Famed Chinese martial arts novelist Jin Yong dies aged 94: Hong Kong media". The Straits Times. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  27. "Friends and family pay final respects to literary giant Louis Cha". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  28. "Jin Yong's body cremated after private ceremony - RTHK". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  29. "Louis Cha 'Jin Yong', the man who united Chinese in the name of chivalry". SCMP. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  30. Louis Cha Awarded French Honor of Arts Xinhua News Agency. 14 October 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  31. Octogenarian novelist wants to be student Shenzhen Daily. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  32. 以盛唐皇位制度作论文 金大侠考获剑大博士学位 2010-09-12,
  33. Louis, Cha (14 April 2018). "The imperial succession in Tang China, 618-762". University of Cambridge. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. The dates conform to the data published in 陳鎮輝,《武俠小說逍遙談》, 2000, 匯智出版有限公司, pp. 56–58; 創意寫作系列：書寫香港@文學故事, 2008, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Company, p. 169; and the website 世上所有的正版金庸小说清单, authorised by the author
  35. While Wang Yuyan accompanied Duan Yu back to Dali in older revisions, in the new revision she refused and stayed to serve Murong Fu instead. See Chapter 50 of Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils.
  36. (in Chinese) 金庸小说也走进本地教材 Lianhe Zaobao. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  37. A Hero Born, retrieved 7 January 2019
  38. Thorpe, Vanessa (26 November 2017). "A hero reborn: 'China's Tolkien' aims to conquer western readers". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

Further reading
  • Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Literature and Postcolonial History, Chapters 3 and 4. Petrus Liu. (Cornell University, 2011).

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