Kepler-32

Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft,[5] it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (M☉), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (R☉), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity.[6]

Kepler-32
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Cygnus
Right ascension 19h 51m 22.1742s[1]
Declination +46° 34′ 27.390″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 16.0[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M1V[3]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: −13.618±0.058[1] mas/yr
Dec.: 19.646±0.068[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)3.0595 ± 0.0322[1] mas
Distance1,070 ± 10 ly
(327 ± 3 pc)
Details
Mass0.58±0.05[2] M☉
Radius0.53±0.04[2] R☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.64[3] cgs
Temperature3900±200[2] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.00 dex
Rotation36.220±0.256 days[4]
Other designations
KIC 9787239, KOI-952, 2MASS J19512217+4634273, Gaia DR2 2080287892525359872[3]
Database references
SIMBADdata
KICdata

Planetary system

In 2011, 2 planets orbiting around it, were discovered, and two more suspected.[7] The smaller Kepler-32b, orbiting its parent star every 5.90124 days, and Kepler-32c with an orbital period of 8.7522 days.[8] In April 2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined.[9] In 2014, the dynamical simulation shown what the Kepler-32 planetary system have likely to undergone a substantial inward migration in the past, producing an observed pattern of lower-mass planets on tightest orbits.[10] Additional yet unobserved gas giant planets on wider orbit are likely necessary for migration of smaller planets to proceed that far inward,[11] although current planetary system would be unstable if additional planets are located closer than 8.7 AU from the parent star.[12]

The Kepler-32 planetary system[13]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
f (unconfirmed) — 0.013 0.742956 — — 0.81±0.05 R⊕
e (unconfirmed) — 0.033 2.896009 — — 1.5±0.1 R⊕
b 0.011[14] MJ 0.05 5.90124 — — 2.2±0.2 R⊕
c 0.012[14] MJ 0.09 8.7522 — — 2.0±0.2 R⊕
d — 0.129 22.780806 — — 2.7±0.1 R⊕

References
  1. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. "Notes on Kepler-32 b". Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  3. "KOI-952". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  4. McQuillan, A.; Mazeh, T.; Aigrain, S. (2013). "Stellar Rotation Periods of The Kepler objects of Interest: A Dearth of Close-In Planets Around Fast Rotators". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 775 (1). L11. arXiv:1308.1845. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775L..11M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/1/L11. S2CID 118557681.
  5. NBC. "100 billion alien planets fill our galaxy: study". NBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  6. Swift, Jonathan J. (2012). "Characterizing the Cool KOIs IV: Kepler-32 as a prototype for the formation of compact planetary systems throughout the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 764 (1): 105. arXiv:1301.0023. Bibcode:2013ApJ...764..105S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/105. S2CID 43750666.
  7. Lissauer, Jack J.; Ragozzine, Darin; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Steffen, Jason H.; Ford, Eric B.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Shporer, Avi; Holman, Matthew J.; Rowe, Jason F.; Quintana, Elisa V.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Borucki, William J.; Bryson, Stephen T.; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Carter, Joshua A.; Ciardi, David; Dunham, Edward W.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Gautier, Iii, Thomas N.; Howell, Steve B.; Koch, David G.; Latham, David W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Morehead, Robert C.; Sasselov, Dimitar (2011), "Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler 'S Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 197 (1): 8, arXiv:1102.0543, Bibcode:2011ApJS..197....8L, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/8, S2CID 43095783
  8. The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopedia. "Kepler-32". Exoplanet.eu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  9. Fabrycky, Daniel C.; et al. (2012). "Transit Timing Observations from Kepler: IV. Confirmation of 4 Multiple Planet Systems by Simple Physical Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 114. arXiv:1201.5415. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..114F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/114. S2CID 9075167.
  10. T. O. Hands, R. D. Alexander, W. Dehnen, "Understanding the assembly of Kepler's compact planetary systems", 2014
  11. Hands, T. O.; Alexander, R. D. (2015), "There might be giants: unseen Jupiter-mass planets as sculptors of tightly-packed planetary systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 456 (4): 4121–4127, arXiv:1512.02649, doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2897, S2CID 55175754
  12. Becker, Juliette C.; Adams, Fred C. (2017), "Effects of Unseen Additional Planetary Perturbers on Compact Extrasolar Planetary Systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 468 (1): 549–563, arXiv:1702.07714, Bibcode:2017MNRAS.468..549B, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx461, S2CID 119325005
  13. NASA Exoplanet Archive--Planet Host Overview page:Kepler-32
  14. Characterizing the Cool KOIs. IV. Kepler-32 as a Prototype for the Formation of Compact Planetary Systems throughout the Galaxy

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