Kerkrade dialect

Kerkrade dialect
	Kirchröadsj Plat
Pronunciation	[ˈkɪʁəçʁøətʃ ˌplɑt]
Region	Southeast Limburg, Netherlands and West Rhineland, Germany
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic High German Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian language West Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj Plat or Kirchröadsj, literally 'Kerkradish', Standard Dutch: Kerkraads, Standard German: Kerkrader Platt) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade and its surroundings, including Herzogenrath in Germany. It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people in Kerkrade is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.[1][2]

The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of Bocholtz, Vaals and Aachen.

The only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect[3] considers it to be a Ripuarian variety, but most native speakers treat it as a Southeast Limburgish dialect and call it Limburgsj ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj ('Kerkradish') or simply plat ('dialect').

A distinct dialect called Egelzer plat is spoken in Eygelshoven, in the north of the Kerkrade municipality. One of the biggest differences between the two is the pronunciation of the sound written ⟨g⟩ in Limburgish; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as in Limburgish and (southern) standard Dutch (as a voiced velar fricative), whereas in the Kerkrade dialect it is pronounced as in Colognian, as a palatal approximant (where it is spelled ⟨j⟩), except after back vowels. To other Limburgers in general, that is the most striking feature of the Kerkrade dialect. Smaller geographical differences exist within the Kerkrade dialect as well.

Vocabulary

The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.[4]

An example sentence:

Kerkrade dialect	Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame[5] [jot ˈɛːsə ɛn ˈdʁɪŋkə ɦɪlt ˈliːf ɛn ˈziəl tsəˈzaːmə]
Kölsch (the largest Ripuarian variety, spoken in Cologne)	Jod esse un drinke hält Liev un Siel zesamme (note that some of the differences between the Kerkrade dialect and Kölsch are only in spelling, such as the pronunciation of the ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨ts⟩))
Standard Dutch	Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond[5] [ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut də ˌmɛns xəˈzɔnt]
Standard Dutch (literal)	Goed eten en drinken houdt lichaam en ziel bij elkaar [ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut ˈlɪxaːm ɛn ˈzil bɛi ɛlˈkaːr]
Standard High German	Gut essen und trinken hält Körper und Seele zusammen [ɡuːt ˈʔɛsn̩ ʔʊnt ˈdʁɪŋkn̩ hɛlt ˈkœʁpɐ ʔʊnt ˈzeːlə tsuˈzamən]
English	Eating and drinking well keeps one healthy
English (literal)	Eating and drinking well keeps the body and soul together

Phonology

As most other Ripuarian and Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features a distinction between the thrusting tone (Dutch: stoottoon, German: Schärfung or Stoßton), which has a shortening effect on the syllable and the slurring tone (Dutch: sleeptoon, German: Schleifton). As in Help:IPA/Colognian, the thrusting tone is transcribed as a falling tone, whereas the slurring tone is left unmarked. There are minimal pairs, for example moer /ˈmûːʁ/ 'wall' - moer /ˈmuːʁ/ 'carrot'.[6][7]

Consonant phones
		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k
Plosive	voiced	b	d			(ɡ)
Affricate	voiceless		ts	tʃ
Affricate	voiced			dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	(ç)	x
Fricative	voiced	v	z	ʒ		(ɣ)	ʁ	ɦ
Approximant		β	l		j

Most instances of historical /ɣ/ have merged with /j/, so that the word for green in the Kerkrade dialect is jreun /ˈjʁø̂ːn/ (compare Standard Dutch groen /ˈɣrun/). /ɣ/ occurs only after back vowels.[8]
The palatal [ç] is an allophone of /x/ after consonants, the front vowels and the close-mid central /ø/, which phonologically is a front vowel. The velar [x] is used after back vowels and the open central /aː/, which phonologically is a back vowel. Both allophones can appear within one lexeme, e.g. laoch [ˈlɔːx] and löcher [ˈlœçəʁ].[9]

Vowel phonemes[10]
		Front				Central		Back
		unrounded		rounded		Central		Back
		short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close		i	iː	y	yː			u	uː
Close-mid		ɪ	eː		øː	ø		o	oː
Open-mid		ɛ	ɛː	œ	œː	ə		ɔ	ɔː
Open							aː	ɑ
Diphthongs	closing	ɛi œy ɔi ɔu ai au
Diphthongs	centering	iə yə uə eə øə oə

/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

Spelling

The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. The notes are mostly aimed at native speakers of Dutch (including those that can read Limburgish) and German.

Spelling	IPA value	Example words	Notes
a	/ɑ/	bakke	In closed syllables.
a	/aː/	jape	In open syllables.
aa	/aː/	kaat, sjaa	In closed syllables and word-finally. It is never spelled ⟨ah⟩.
ai	/ai/	fain	Never spelled ⟨ei⟩, which stands for /ɛi/, as in Standard Dutch.
ao	/ɔː/	kaod	Never spelled ⟨oa⟩, which stands for the diphthong /oə/.
äö	/œː/	kräöche	Never spelled ⟨ö⟩, which stands only for the short /œ/.
äu	/ɔi/	vräud	Never spelled ⟨eu⟩, which stands for the monophthong /øː/.
auw	/au/	kauw	Never spelled ⟨ouw⟩, as it contrasts with the fully rounded /ɔu/, which starts near the open-mid /ɔ/.
b	/b/
b	/p/		Word-finally and before voiceless consonants in compounds.
ch	/x/	maache	Varies between velar and palatal, depending on the preceding sound. It is never uvular, nor is it ever a sibilant like [ɕ].
ch	/ɣ/		Before voiced consonants in compounds. It approaches /ʁ/ in articulation.
d	/d/
d	/t/		Word-finally and before voiceless consonants in compounds.
dzj	/dʒ/	pieëdzje	Always distinct from its voiceless counterpart /tʃ/.
e	/ɛ/	sjtek	In closed syllables. It is never spelled ⟨ä⟩.
	/ə/	oavend	In unstressed syllables. The dialect does not possess syllabic consonants.
	/eː/	dene	In open syllables.
ee	/eː/	deer	In closed syllables and word-finally. It is never spelled ⟨eh⟩.
è	/ɛː/	nès	Never spelled ⟨ä⟩ or ⟨äh⟩.
eë	/eə/	keëts	Never spelled ⟨ee⟩ or ⟨e⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /eː/.
ei	/ɛi/	knei	The usage depends on the spelling of the Dutch cognate of the word. ⟨ei⟩ never stands for /ai/, which is spelled ⟨ai⟩.
ij	/ɛi/	jekkerij
eu	/øː/	meun	Never stands for /ɔi/, which is spelled ⟨äu⟩. It is never spelled ⟨ö⟩ or ⟨öh⟩; the former stands only for the short open-mid /œ/.
f	/f/		The voiced counterpart of /f/ is normally spelled ⟨v⟩, as in English. The spelling ⟨f⟩ is used before voiced consonants in compounds.
f	/v/
g	/ɣ/		Occurs only in the intervocalic position. It approaches /ʁ/ in articulation, though it has not been investigated if this can produce a consistent merger (as it does between a short vowel and a voiced consonant in the related Luxembourgish, spoken further south).[11] The bare ⟨g⟩ never stands for the plosive /ɡ/ and is a relatively rare letter anyway, as many instances of historical /ɣ/ have merged with /j/ (spelled ⟨j⟩) in Kerkrade.
gk	/ɡ/	wegke	Never spelled ⟨g⟩. It occurs only in the intervocalic position.
h	/ɦ/		Occurs only in syllable-initial positions. It is never used as a silent letter to denote length.
i	/ɪ/	rikke	In closed syllables.
ie	/i/		In closed syllables and in unstressed positions.
ie	/iː/
ieë	/iə/		Never spelled ⟨ie⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /iː/.
j	/j/		Never spelled ⟨g⟩, even when it corresponds to /ɣ/ in Limburgish.
k	/k/		Never spelled ⟨ck⟩.
l	/l/
m	/m/		Labiodental [ɱ] before /f/ and /v/.
n	/n/		Dropping of the historical final /n/ is marked in the orthography, so that maache 'to do' is written as such, rather than maachen (cf. Dutch maken, usually pronounced without the final nasal).
	/m/		Before labial consonants in compounds. It is labiodental [ɱ] before /f/ and /v/.
	/ŋ/		Before velar consonants.
ng	/ŋ/		Occurs only in syllable-final positions. It always stands for /ŋ/, as /ɣ/ occurs only after vowels.
o	/ɔ/		In closed syllables. It never stands for the close-mid /o/, which is spelled ⟨ó⟩.
o	/oː/		In open syllables.
oo	/oː/		In closed syllables. It is never spelled ⟨oh⟩.
ö	/œ/		In closed syllables. It never stands for either of the long mid front rounded vowels.
ó	/o/		In closed syllables. It is sometimes transcribed with ⟨ʊ⟩ in IPA, but never spelled ⟨u⟩ in the Kerkrade dialect.
oa	/oə/		Never spelled ⟨oo⟩ or ⟨o⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /oː/. It never stands for the monophthong /ɔː/, which is spelled ⟨ao⟩.
öa	/øə/		Never spelled ⟨eu⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /øː/.
oe	/u/		Stands for either sound in stressed closed syllables, for the long /uː/ in stressed open syllables and for the short /u/ in unstressed positions. Neither sound is ever spelled ⟨u⟩ or ⟨uh⟩.
oe	/uː/
oeë	/uə/		Never spelled ⟨oe⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /uː/.
ouw	/ɔu/		Never spelled ⟨auw⟩, as it contrasts with /au/, which starts near the open /ɑ/.
p	/p/
r	/ʁ/		Always pronounced as a consonant; may be allophonically devoiced to [χ] before pauses and in contact with voiceless consonants.
s	/s/		The voiced counterpart of /s/ is normally spelled ⟨z⟩, as in Dutch.
s	/z/		Before voiced consonants in compounds.
sj	/ʃ/		Never spelled ⟨sch⟩ in native words.
sj	/ʒ/		Before voiced consonants in compounds.
t	/t/
ts	/ts/		Never spelled ⟨z⟩, which denotes /z/. Allophonically voiced to [dz] before voiced consonants in compounds.
tsj	/tʃ/		Never spelled ⟨tsch⟩.
u	/ø/		Stands for the short close-mid central /ø/ in closed syllables and the long close front /yː/ in open syllables. It never stands for the close-mid back /o/.
u	/yː/
uu	/yː/		In closed syllables.
ü	/y/		Never stands for the long /yː/, which is spelled ⟨u⟩ in open syllables and ⟨uu⟩ in closed syllables.
üe	/yə/		Never spelled ⟨uu⟩ or ⟨u⟩, as it contrasts with the monophthongal /yː/.
ui	/œy/
v	/v/		Always voiced, as in English.
w	/β/		Always distinct from ⟨v⟩. It is similar to English ⟨w⟩, but without velarization.
z	/z/		Always a voiced fricative, as in English.
zj	/ʒ/		Always distinct from its voiceless counterpart /ʃ/. It is spelled ⟨sj⟩ before voiced consonants in compounds.

References

"Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 9.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997).
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 10.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), p. 94.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 19.
Köhnlein (2013).
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 17, 126.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15–17.
Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.

Bibliography

Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
Köhnlein, Björn (2013). "Optimizing the relation between tone and prominence: Evidence from Franconian, Scandinavian, and Serbo-Croatian tone accent systems" (PDF). Lingua. 131: 1–28. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.002.
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987]. Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. (in Dutch and Ripuarian) (2nd ed.). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. ISBN 90-70246-34-1. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2015-06-10.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003). Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits (eds.). Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies. (in Dutch and Ripuarian). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. ISBN 90-70246-47-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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[1] "Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979-2] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997-3] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997).

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710-4] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 10.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-5] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), p. 94.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719-6] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEKöhnlein2013-7] Köhnlein (2013).

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_126-8] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 17, 126.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-9] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17-10] Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15–17.

[FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-11] Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.