Voiceless alveolar affricate

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

This article discusses the first two.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
ts
IPA Number103 132
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʦ
Unicode (hex)U+02A6
X-SAMPAts
Audio sample
source · help

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German, Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
  • There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʃ] or laminal [ʂ].
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Variable
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard[2]Zeit[t͡säɪ̯t]'time'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[2] See Standard German phonology
ItalianStandard[3]grazia[ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä]'grace'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[3] See Italian phonology

Dentalized laminal alveolar
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[4]ցանց[t̻͡s̪ʰan̪t̻͡s̪ʰ]'net'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Basque[5]hotz[o̞t̻͡s̪]'cold'Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[5]
Belarusian[6]цётка[ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka]'aunt'Contrasting palatalization. See Belarusian phonology
ChineseStandard[7][8]早餐[t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩ t̻͡s̪ʰan˥]'breakfast'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[9]co[t̻͡s̪o̝]'what'See Czech phonology
Hungarian[10]cica[ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ]'kitten'See Hungarian phonology
Japanese津波[t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämi]'Tsunami'See Japanese phonology
Kashmiri ژاس [t͡saːs] 'cough'
Kashubian[11]
Kazakh[12]инвестиция'price'Only in loanwords from Russian[12][13] See Kazakh phonology and Kyrgyz phonology
Kyrgyz[13]
Latvian[14]cena[ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä]'price'See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[15]цвет[t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪]'flower'See Macedonian phonology
Pashtoڅــلور[ˌt͡səˈlor]'four'See Pashto phonology
Polish[16]co[t̻͡s̪ɔ] 'what'See Polish phonology
Romanian[17]preț[pre̞t̻͡s̪]'price'See Romanian phonology
Russian[18]царь[t̻͡s̪ärʲ]'Tsar'See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19][20]cilj[t̻͡s̪îːʎ]'target'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakcisár[t̻͡s̪isaːr]'emperor'See Slovak phonology
Slovene[21]cvet[t̻͡s̪ʋéːt̪]'bloom'See Slovene phonology
Tyaptsa[t͡sa]'to begin'
Ukrainian[22]цей[t̻͡s̪ɛj]'this one'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[23]cybla[ˈt̻͡s̪ɪblä]'onion'See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek[24]

Non-retracted alveolar
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicNajdi[25]ك‍‍لب[t͡salb]'dog'Corresponds to /k/ and /t͡ʃ/ in other dialects
AsturianSome dialects[26]otso[ˈot͡so]'eight'Corresponds to standard /t͡ʃ/
Ḷḷena, Mieres, and others ḷḷuna [ˈt͡sunɐ] 'moon' Alveolar realization of che vaqueira instead of normal retroflex [ʈ͡ʂ]
Basque[5]hots[ot̻͡s̺]'sound'The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[5]
Catalan[27]potser[puˈtt̻͡s̺e]'maybe'The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28]cetaman[t͡səˈtaman]'four'Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa
DanishStandard[29]to[ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ]'two'The fricative component is apical.[29] In some accents, it is realized as [tʰ].[29] Usually transcribed /tˢ/ or /t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop [t], which is usually transcribed /d̥/ or /d/. See Danish phonology
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[30]mat[ˈmät͡s]'market'Optional pre-pausal allophone of /t/.[30]
EnglishBroad Cockney[31]tea[ˈt͡səˑi̯]'tea'Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /t/.[32][33] See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[33][ˈt͡sɪˑi̯]
New York[34]Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /t/.[34] See English phonology
New Zealand[35]Word-initial allophone of /t/.[35] See English phonology
North Wales[36][ˈt͡siː]Word-initial and word-final allophone of /t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [tʰ].[36] See English phonology
Scouse[37]Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /t/.[37] See English phonology
General South African[38]wanting[ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ]'wanting'Possible syllable-final allophone of /t/.[38]
Filipinotsokolate[t͡sokɔlate]'chocolate'
FrenchQuebectu[t͡sy]'you'Allophone of /t/ before /i, y/.
Georgian[39]კაცი[kʼɑt͡si]'man'
Luxembourgish[40]Zuch[t͡suχ]'train'See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi चाप ['t͡sapə] 'clip' Represented by /च/, which also represents [t͡ʃ]. It is not a marked difference.
Nepali चाप [t͡säp] 'pressure' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. See Nepali phonology
PortugueseEuropean[41]parte sem vida[ˈpaɾt͡sẽj ˈviðɐ]'lifeless part'Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[42]
Brazilian[41][42]participação[paʁt͡sipaˈsɜ̃w]'participation'
Most speakers[43]shiatsu[ɕiˈat͡su]'shiatsu'Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic [i], often subsequently palatalizing /t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. tsunami [tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[44] See Portuguese phonology
SpanishMadrid[45]ancha[ˈänʲt͡sʲä]'wide'Palatalized;[45] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology
Chilean
Some Rioplatense dialectstía['t͡sia̞]'aunt'

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
tɹ̝̊
tθ̠
tθ͇

Features
  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishGeneral American[46]tree[tɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯]'tree'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/; more commonly postalveolar [t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[46] See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[46]
ItalianSicily[47]straniero[stɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo]'foreign'Apical. Regional realization of the sequence /tr/; may be a sequence [tɹ̝̊] or [tɹ̝] instead.[48] See Italian phonology

See also

Notes
  1. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
  3. Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  4. Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
  5. Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
  6. Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48-49.
  7. Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
  8. Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
  9. Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
  10. Szende (1999), p. 104.
  11. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  12. Kara (2002), p. 10.
  13. Kara (2003), p. 11.
  14. Nau (1998), p. 6.
  15. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  16. Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
  17. Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  18. Chew (2003), p. 67.
  19. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  23. Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
  24. Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  25. Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
  26. (in Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Archived 2013-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, page 14
  27. Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
  28. Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
  29. Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
  30. Peters (2010), p. 240.
  31. Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  32. Wells (1982), p. 323.
  33. Gimson (2014), p. 172.
  34. Wells (1982), p. 515.
  35. Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
  36. Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
  37. Wells (1982), p. 372.
  38. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
  39. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  40. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  41. (in Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
  42. Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite
  43. Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis
  44. A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos – Aline Aver Vanin
  45. "Castilian Spanish – Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
  46. Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  47. Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  48. Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

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