Light gun shooter

"Light gun shooters", "light gun games" or "gun games" are games in which the protagonist shoots at targets, whether antagonists or objects, and which use a gun-shaped controller (termed a "light gun") with which the player aims. While light gun games may feature a first-person perspective, they are distinct from first person shooters, which use more conventional input devices.[1] Light gun games which feature "on-rails" movement are sometimes termed "rail shooters",[2] though this term is also applied to other types of shooters featuring similar movement.[3] The light gun itself is so termed because it functions through the use of a light sensor: pulling the trigger allows it to detect light from the on-screen targets.[4]

Duck Hunt. The game is viewed through the eyes of the protagonist; the player is using a light gun controller to target an on-screen duck.

Targets in light gun shooters may be threatening antagonists such as criminals, terrorists or zombies,[5][6][7] or they may be inanimate objects such as apples or bottles.[8] Although these games may be played without a light gun, the use of more conventional input methods has been deemed inferior.[5] Light gun shooters typically feature generic action or horror themes,[6][9] though some later games employ more humorous, self-referential styles.[10][11]

Light gun shooters primarily revolve around shooting large numbers of enemies attacking in waves.[10] The protagonist may be required to defend themself by taking cover,[2] or by shooting incoming thrown weapons, such as axes or grenades.[6] The player may also compete against the clock, however, with some games also featuring boss battles. Games may also reward the player for accurate shooting, with extra points, power-ups or secrets.[6][10] Games which do not pit the player against antagonists instead feature elaborate challenges constructed mainly from inanimate objects, testing the player's speed and accuracy.[8] More conventional games may feature these types of challenges as minigames.[6]

Light gun shooters typically feature "on-rails" movement, which gives the player no control over the direction the protagonist moves in; the player only has control over aiming and shooting.[2][10] Some games, however, may allow the protagonist to take cover at the push of a button.[2] Other games may eschew on-rails movement altogether and allow the player to move the protagonist freely around the game's environment;[12] still others may feature a static environment.[1] Light gun shooters use a first person perspective for aiming, though some games may allow the player to switch to a third person perspective in order to maneuver the protagonist.[12]

Popular GunCon light guns. The bright orange illustrates the toy-like appearance of most light guns, whereas the grey example appears more realistic.

Mechanical gun games existed before the emergence of electronic video games, as far back as the 1920s.[4] The first light guns appeared in the 1930s, with the Seeburg Ray-O-Lite. Games using this toy rifle were mechanical and the rifle fired beams of light at targets wired with sensors.[4]

Sega later produced gun games which resemble first-person light gun video games, but were in fact electro-mechanical games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to a zoetrope to produce moving animations on a screen.[13] An early example of this was Duck Hunt,[14] which Sega released in 1969;[15] it featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had sound effects that were volume controllable.[14]

Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972,[16] with 1978's Space Invaders dealing a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of mechanical games.[17] Light guns used in electronic video games work in the opposite manner to their mechanical counterparts: the sensor is in the gun and pulling the trigger allows it to receive light from the on-screen targets.[4] Computer light pens had been used for practical purposes at MIT in the early 1960s,[18] and the Magnavox Odyssey had a light gun accessory,[19] in the production of which Nintendo was involved.[20]

Light guns became popularly used for video games in the mid-1980s,[21][22] with Nintendo's Duck Hunt[1] and Taito's Operation Wolf being popular examples. Sega's Virtua Cop, released in arcades in 1994, broke new ground, popularized the use of 3D polygons in shooter games,[5] and led to a "Renaissance" in the popularity of arcade gun games. The game was inspired by the Clint Eastwood film Dirty Harry as well as a coffee advertisement in which a can of coffee grew larger in a gun's sights; in Virtua Cop the player had to shoot approaching targets as fast as possible.[23] The acclaimed Time Crisis by Namco, released in Japanese arcades in 1995 and Sony's PlayStation console in 1997, introduced innovations such as simulated recoil and a foot pedal which when pressed caused the protagonist to take cover. The game's light gun controller, the GunCon, was also acclaimed.[2][21] Namco also released Point Blank for the PlayStation in 1998 (previously available in Japanese arcades as Gun Bullet since 1994), a 2D sprite-based game featuring a unique minigame structure and quirky, humorous tone. The game was critically acclaimed and received two sequels, both for the PlayStation console.[8][24]

Light guns were suppressed for a time in the United States after the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and its attendant controversy over video games and gun crime.[21] Since the late 1980s light gun controllers have been generally manufactured to look like toys by painting them in bright colours. In Japan, which lacks the gun crime found in the United States and in which civilians cannot legally own guns, more realistic light guns are widely available.[21]

Light gun shooters are less popular in the new millennium than in the 1990s, with new games in the genre seen as "old school".[1][6][25] The Time Crisis and House of the Dead franchises continued to receive acclaimed installments,[6][10] with the arcade machine for the latter's House of the Dead 4 Special (2006) featuring large screens enclosing the player, as well as swivelling, vibrating chairs.[26] Some games attempted to incorporate elements of first person shooter or survival horror games through the use of less restricted character movement and exploration, with varying degrees of success.[6][12][27] Others, however, unashamedly paid homage to 1990s arcade gameplay, even embracing a somewhat parodic style.[10][11] Light guns are not compatible with modern high-definition televisions, leading developers to experiment with hybrid controllers, particularly with the Wii Remote for the Wii,[1][27] as well as the PlayStation 3's GunCon 3 peripheral used with Time Crisis 4. Others have used the PlayStation Move motion control system.[27]

• List of light gun games

• Ashcraft, Brian (2008), Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, Kodansha International