Linear park

Possibly the earliest example is the Emerald Necklace, which consists of a 1,100-acre (4.5 km²), or 445 hectare chain of parks linked by parkways (a broad, landscaped highway)[5] and waterways in Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. It gets its name from the way the planned chain appears to hang from the "neck" of the Boston peninsula.[6] This linear system of parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to connect Boston Common and Public Garden (1837) to Franklin Park, known as the "great country park."[7] The project began around 1878 with the effort to clean up and control the marshy area which became the Back Bay and the Fens. In 1880, Olmsted proposed that the Muddy River be included in the park plan. The current was dredged into a winding stream and directed into the Charles River. Olmsted's vision of a linear park of walking paths along a gentle stream connecting numerous small ponds was complete by the turn of the century but for a never completed section to Boston Harbor. However, the subsequent development of the automobile severely disrupted the original concept.[8]

Part of one of Milton Keynes's linear parks, showing cyclists crossing a cattle grid on National Cycle Route 51

Later in England, linear parks have also been created around waterways, especially in cities where the terrain is such that rivers and brooks have significant flood plains. Such land cannot sensibly be used for urban development and so it is set aside as a civic amenity. Milton Keynes makes extensive use of linear parks, with nine different examples that include the flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks).[9][10][11]

In Greater London, Essex and Hertfordshire, the Lee Valley Park is a 10,000-acre (40 km²) 26 miles (42 km) long linear park, much of it green spaces, running along the flood plain of the River Lea from the River Thames to Ware, through areas such as Stratford, Clapton, Tottenham, Enfield, Walthamstow, Cheshunt, Broxbourne and Hoddesdon in an area generally known as the Lea Valley. Greater London's largest park, Lee Valley Park is more than four times the size of Richmond Park, extending beyond Greater London's borders into the neighboring counties of Hertfordshire and Essex.

Mauerpark in Berlin, Germany

A more recent example of a linear park is the Berlin Mauerpark, which was built on a part of the former Berlin Wall area and its adjacent former death strip.

Planty Park, Kraków, Poland). It encircles the Stare Miasto (Old Town), where the Medieval city walls used to stand until the early 19th century. The park has an area of 52 acres and a length of 4 kilometers (2.5 mi). It consists of a chain of thirty smaller gardens designed in varied styles and adorned with numerous monuments and fountains. The park forms a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians. In summer, sprinkled with ponds and refreshment stalls, it is a cool and shady retreat from the nearby bustling streets.[12]

William Sarjeant Park, one park in a linear park system found in the Willowgrove neighbourhood of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

In some cities, many linear parks run through residential areas, where housing will face streets in the front, and back onto small linear parks containing a pathway, trees and grass. Examples are numerous in some Canadian cities such as Saskatoon.[13] Another example is the BeltLine system currently being planned and built in sections is in Atlanta, Georgia, US, which will completely encircle its central business districts, and include a trail and eventual light rail line on existing tracks instead of another road.

• Larry Houstoun's Urban Public Spaces & Business Improvement Districts