List of African-American newspapers in Alabama

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Front page of the Birmingham Wide-Awake from January 1900.

The first such newspaper in Alabama was The Nationalist, published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869.[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.

Alabama's first state organization of African-American newspapers was the Alabama Colored Press Association, which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887.[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence.[2] As the growth of the African-American press continued unabated, the Afro-American Press Association of Alabama was established in 1894.[2]

Newspapers
City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Aldrich
  • The Alabama Time-Piece[3]
  • The Alabama Timepiece[4]
 1895[4] 1902?[4] Weekly[4]
  • LCCN sn85044527
  • OCLC 11359168
  • Published by Aldrich Publishing Company.[4]
  • Edited by B.L. Lester.[4]
Anniston / Birmingham (1909–1911)[5] The Baptist Leader 1880s[5] 1900s[5] Weekly[5]
  • Edited by Jesse C. Duke.[6]
Anniston The Union Leader 1901[7] 1903?[7] Weekly[7]
Bay Minette American Banner 1895?[8] ?[8] Weekly, bimonthly in 1899[8]
  • Published by Boykin, S.J.[8]
  • Attested through at least 1902.[8]
Belmont News 1902[9] 1903[9] Weekly[9]
Bethel The Southern Star 1890s[10] 1900s[10] Weekly[10]
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882)[11] Advance 1876[11] 1882[11] Weekly[11]
    Birmingham The Afro-American Labor Sentinel 1896[12] ?[12] Twice monthly[12]
    • Published by The Afro-American Labor and Protective Association.[12]
    Birmingham The Birmingham American 1910s[13] 1900s[13] Weekly[13]
    Birmingham
    • Birmingham Blade[14]
    • The Birmingham Blade[15]
    		 1907[14] 1909[14] Weekly[14]
    • Published and edited by L.H. Harrison.[14]
    Birmingham Broad Axe 1891[16] 1895[16]
      • Edited by T.H. Jordan.[2]
      Birmingham By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN) 1985?[17] ? Irregular[17]
      • Published by New Afrikan People’s Organization. Edited by Thandisizwe Chimurenga.[17]
      • Attested through at least 1993.[17]
      Birmingham
      • Christian Era
      • Birmingham Era
      		 1886[18] 1887[18]
        • Edited by T.W. Coffee.[18]
        Birmingham / Demopolis The Christian Hope 1894?[19] ?[19] Weekly[19]
        • Edited by L.S. Steinbeck.[19]
        • Attested through at least 1902.[19]
        Birmingham Birmingham Free Speech 1901[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
        • Published by Francis P. McAlpin.[20]
        Birmingham Hot Shots 1896[21] 1900s[21] Irregular[21]
        Birmingham
        • Birmingham Mirror[22]
        • The Birmingham Mirror[23]
        		 1939?[23] ?[23] Weekly[23]
        • Published by J. Howard Williamson.[23]
        • Attested through at least 1974.[23]
        Birmingham
        • Negro American[24]
        • The Negro American[25]
        • American Citizen (1888–)[18]
        		 1886[25] 1891?[25] Weekly[25]
        • Edited by R.C.O. Benjamin from 1886 to 1887, when threats of white violence forced him to leave.[26] Subsequent editors included J.W. White, Albert Boyd, and A.N. Jackson.[18]
        • "The most outspoken black paper in Birmingham".[26]
        Birmingham The New Era Banner 1918[27] or 1919[28] ?[28] Weekly[28]
        Birmingham The Pleiades 1888[29] ?[29] Weekly[29]
        Birmingham The Birmingham Reporter 1900?[30] ?[30] Weekly[30]
        • Published by the Colored Masonic Temple.[30]
        • Attested through at least 1928.[30]
        • Edited by Oscar W. Adams from 1907 to 1928.[30]
        Birmingham
        • The Birmingham Reporter
        • Birmingham Eagle Reporter
        		 1915?[31] 1930s[32] Weekly[31]
        • "Official organ of the Masons, Eastern Stars, and Knights of Pythias of Alabama and Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World."[32]
        Birmingham The Times Plain Dealer 1910s[33] 1900s[33] Weekly[33]
        • Attested through at least 1921.[33]
        Birmingham The Birmingham Times 1964[34] current Weekly[34]
        Birmingham The Birmingham Truth 1902[35] 1900s[36] Weekly[36]
        Birmingham The Truth 1903[37] 1900s[37] Weekly[37]
        • Attested through at least 1905.[37]
        • Published by Tuggle Printing Company.[37]
        Birmingham
        • The Voice of the People[38]
        • Weekly Voice (1916–1917)[39]
        		 1913?[38] 1920s[39] Weekly[38]
        • Published by E.W. Howell.[38]
        Birmingham The Alabama Voice 1946[40] ?[40] Bimonthly newspaper[40]
        • Published by H.D. Coke.[40]
        Birmingham Weekly Pilot 1883[41] ?[41] Weekly[41]
        • Edited by J.H. Thomason. Published by Pilot Publishing Company.[41]
        Birmingham The Weekly Review 1934?[42] ?[42] Weekly[42]
        • Published and edited by Robert Durr.[42]
        Birmingham
        • Wide Awake Bulletin (1880s–1890s)[43]
        • Wide-Awake (1890s–)[44]
        • Birmingham Wide-Awake (1906–)[45]
        		 1887[43] or 1889?[46] 1890s[43] Weekly[43][46]
        Birmingham
        • The Workmen's Chronicle[47]
        • The Workmens Chronicle[48]
        		 1917[48] ?[48] Weekly[48]
        • "Issued under the auspices of the Afro-American Sociological Congress."[47]
        Birmingham Birmingham World 1930[49] 1996[50] Weekly,[49] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969[50]
        • Founded by W.A. Scott. Published by Joe N. Dickson & Associates.[49]
        Decatur The Guardian 1910[51] 1900s[51] Monthly newspaper[51]
        • Attested through at least 1914.[51]
        Decatur
        • Speakin' Out Weekly News[52]
        • Speakin’ Out News[53]
        		 1980[54] current Weekly[54]
        Dothan Southern Star 1916[55] ?[55] Weekly[55]
        • Published by M.S. Brown. Edited by M.J. Adams from 1918 to 1919.[55]
        Dothan
        • The Voice Of The Negro[56]
        • Voice of the Negro[57]
        		 1912?[57] ?[57] Weekly[57]
        • Attested through at least 1915.[56]
        Epes The Sumter Enterprise 1907[58] ?[58] Weekly[58]
        • Published and edited by A.G. Idrell.[58]
        Eufaula Vindicator 1889[59] ?
          • Edited by T.W. Coffee.[59]
          Eutaw Greene County Democrat ? current Weekly[60]
          Eutaw Western Guide 1905[9] 1909[9] Weekly[9]
              Fayette Watchman 1902[9] 1903[9] Weekly[9]
                  Florence The Shoals News Leader 1979?[61] ?[61] Weekly[61]
                  • Published by Reginald Liner.[61]
                  Florence The Watcher 1888[62] 1800s[63] Weekly[62]
                  • Suspended publication in 1889.[63]
                  Georgiana The Temple Star 1916?[64] ?[64] Twice monthly[64]
                  Girard Eastern Sunlight 1901[9] 1914[9] Weekly[9]
                  Grove Hill Grove Hill Herald 1800s[65] 1850s[65] Weekly[65]
                  Hayneville / Montgomery The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times 1878[66] 1878[67] Weekly[68]
                  Huntsville Huntsville Gazette 1879[69] 1894[69] Weekly[69]
                  • Edited by Charles Hendley, Jr.[6]
                  • "[T]he most financially successful and enduring black newspaper in Alabama before 1900."[6]
                  Huntsville The Herald 1878[70] 1884[70] Weekly[71]
                  • Edited by W.H. Councill.[71]
                  Huntsville The Huntsville Journal 1895[72] 1897[72] Weekly[72]
                  Huntsville The Journal 1897[73] 1912[74] Weekly[73]
                  • Edited by H.C. Binford from 1897 to 1911, and then by J.A. Binford.[73]
                  Huntsville The Huntsville Mirror 1935?[75] ?[75] Weekly[75]
                  • Edited by L.C. Jamar.[76]
                  Huntsville The Huntsville Star 1900[77] ?[77] Weekly[77]
                  • Edited by Richard C. Hancock.[77]
                  Huntsville The Weekly News 1968[78] 1980s[79] Weekly[78] or bimonthly[79]
                  Huntsville The Weekly News 1900s[79] 1900s[79] Weekly[79]
                  • Attested from at least 1931.[79]
                  Kempsville
                  		1800s[80] 1910s[81] Twice monthly[81]
                  Lovan The Eagle 1880s[80] 1900s[80] Twice monthly[80]
                  Marion The Journal Reporter 1870s[82] ?[82] Weekly[82]
                  • Attested through at least 1881.[82]
                  Mobile Ace 1975[83] ?[83] Weekly[83]
                  • Edited by William Shirley and Arthur Johnson Jr.[83]
                  • Attested through at least 1979.[83]
                  Mobile
                  • Mobile Beacon[84]
                  • The Mobile Beacon & Alabama Citizen[85]
                  • The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen[86]
                  		 1943[86] current Weekly[86]
                  • Published by Lancie M. Thomas.[86]
                  • Conflicting reports of closure in 2019.[87]
                  Mobile Gazette 1883[88] 1884[88] Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884)[88]
                  Mobile Herald 1871[67] 1872[67]
                  • "[E]stablished in August 1871 to defend the Turner-Spencer faction of the party from attacks by the Mobile Republican."[67]
                  Mobile Methodist Vindicator 1888[59] 1889[59]
                    • Edited by T.W. Coffee.[59]
                    Mobile The Nationalist 1865[1] 1869[1] Triweekly[89]
                    • First African American newspaper in Alabama.[90]
                    • Owned and managed by African Americans.[90] Edited in 1865 by John Silsby, and from 1866 to 1869 by Albert Griffin, "two white carpetbaggers".[90]
                    Mobile The New Times 1981[91] current[91] Weekly[91]
                    Mobile The Press Forum Sun 1900s[92] 1900s[92] Weekly[92]
                    Mobile The Press-Forum Weekly[93] 1929[93] 1941[93] Weekly[93]
                    Mobile The Mobile Republican 1870[94] 1872?[94] Weekly; daily in 1870[94]
                    • Initially a daily, purchased and turned into a weekly by Philip Joseph later in 1870.[95] James Shaw became editor and publisher in 1871.[95]
                    • "[P]ossibly the first in the state to be edited by an Afro-American."[95]
                    Mobile The Southern Watchman 1899[96] 1904[96] Weekly[97]
                    • Edited by Anderson N. McEwen.[97]
                    Mobile
                    • The Mobile Watchman
                    • Watchman
                    		 1873[98] 1874[99] Weekly[98]
                    Mobile The Mobile Weekly Advocate 1911[100] ?[100] Weekly[100]
                    • Attested through at least 1958.[100]
                    Mobile The Mobile Weekly Press 1896?[101] 1929[101] Weekly[101]
                    Montgomery The Advance 1877?[102] 1880s[103] Weekly[102]
                    • Published by James A. Scott.[102]
                    Montgomery The Alabama Enterprise 1885?[104] ?[104] Weekly[104]
                    • Attested from 1886.[105]
                    • Edited by Sam B. Davis.[105]
                    Montgomery The Alabama Guide 1884[106] ?[106] Monthly newspaper[106]
                    • Published and edited by M.G. Thomas.[106]
                    Montgomery Alabama Republican 1880[107] ?[107] Weekly[107]
                    • Published and edited by Charles O. Harris.[107]
                    Montgomery Alabama Tribune 1951[108] 1964?[108] Weekly[108]
                    • Published by E.G. Jackson.[108]
                    Montgomery The Montgomery Argus 1890[109] ?[109] Weekly[109]
                    Montgomery The Colored Alabamian 1907[110] 1916[110] Weekly[110]
                    Montgomery The Colored Citizen 1884[111] 1884[111] Weekly[111]
                    • Published by Brown Brothers.[111]
                    Montgomery The Emancipator 1917[112] 1920s[112] Weekly[112]
                    • Edited by J. Edward McCall.[112]
                    Montgomery The Montgomery Enterprise 1898[113] 1900[113] Weekly[113]
                    Montgomery The Evening Appeal 1886?[114] ?[114] Unknown[114]
                    Montgomery The Evening Appeal 1880s[115] ?[115] Daily[115]
                    • Published by Allred Bros.[115]
                    Montgomery The Helping Hand 1907?[116] 1910s[117] Weekly[116]
                    • Published by Jackson A. Stokes.[116]
                    • Attested through at least 1912.[117]
                    Montgomery The Herald 1886[118] 1887[118] Weekly[118]
                    • Published by Jesse C. Duke, who was driven from the state by a lynch mob after writing an anti-lynching editorial in The Herald in 1887.[119]
                    Montgomery The Montgomery Mirror 1935?[120] ?[120] Weekly[120]
                    Montgomery
                    • Montgomery-Tuskegee Times: The Alternative[121]
                    • The Montgomery-Tuskegee Times[122]
                    		 1979[121] 2000s Weekly[121]
                    Montgomery The Odd Fellows Journal 1885[123] ?[123] Monthly newspaper[123]
                    • Attested through at least October 1886.[123]
                    Montgomery The Republican Sentinel 1872?[124] ?[124] Weekly[124]
                    Montgomery[125] The Southern Courier 1965[125] 1968[126] Weekly[125]
                    • Moved from Atlanta to Montgomery in September 1965.[126]
                    Montgomery The Montgomery Times 1977[127] 1979[127] Weekly[127]
                    Montgomery Voice of Action 1970[128] ?[128] Weekly[128]
                    Montgomery
                    • Watchman
                    • Negro Watchman (1874)[70]
                    		 1873[70] 1874[70]
                      Montgomery The Weekly Citizen 1884[129] ?[129] Weekly[129]
                      • Numerous editors and publishers.[129]
                      Montgomery The Weekly News 1884[130] ?[130] Weekly[130]
                      • Published by C.M. Brown, noted for his advocacy of black self-defense.[119]
                      Montgomery Montgomery Weekly Review 1936?[131] ?[131] Weekly[131]
                      • Edited by William P. Smith.[131]
                      Opelika The People's Choice 1894[132] ?[132] Weekly[132]
                      • Edited by John P. Lawrence.[132]
                      • Circulation of 300.[133]
                      Patton Junction The Patton Pointer 1897[9] or 1898[134] 1904[9] Weekly[134]
                      • Edited by J.T. Nall.[134]
                      Selma The Baptist Pioneer 1878[135] or 1879?[136] 1886[135] Weekly[136] or monthly[137]
                      • Published by the Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School.[136]
                      • Edited by W.H. McAlpine.[136]
                      Selma The Selma Cyclone 1886[138] 1890s[138] Weekly[138]
                      • Edited by William J. Stevens from 1886 to 1887 and by John Mitchell Gee from 1887 to 1890.[26]
                      • Known for its conciliatory political stance.[26]
                      Selma Dallas Post 1884[139] 1884[139]
                      • Edited by W.H. Mixon.[139]
                      • "[T]he first secular Negro news journal ever published in Dallas County."[139]
                      Selma
                      • The Independent
                      • Southern Independent
                      		 1800s[140] ?[140] Weekly[140]
                      • Edited by Mansfield Bryant from 1886 to 1889.[139]
                      • Absorbed Selma Social Circle and Gospel Messenger in 1888.[139]
                      Selma Selma Record 1900[141] ?[141] Weekly[141]
                      • Attested through at least 1902.[141]
                      Selma Selma Sentinel 1965[142] ?[142] Weekly[142]
                      Selma Southern Christian Age 1898[143] ?[143] Weekly[143]
                      • Edited by W.H. Mixon.[143]
                      • Attested through at least 1901.[143]
                      Selma Southern Christian Recorder 1888[139] 1891[139]
                      Slocomb Ardis Times 1909[9] 1911[9] Weekly[9]
                          Talladega Reporter and Watchtower 1873[144] 1886?[144] Weekly[144]
                          • Published by T.J. Cross and M.H. Cruikshank.[144]
                          Talladega The Southern Sentinel 1877[145] 1881?[145] or 1886[70] Monthly during school year[145]
                          • Edited by Edward P. Lord from 1877 to 1879, and George N. Ellis from 1879 to 1881.[145]
                          Tunnell Springs Eagle 1888 1913
                          Tuscaloosa
                          • Alabama Citizen[146]
                          • The Alabama Citizen and the Tuscaloosa Weekly Review[147]
                          		 1944?[147] or 1947[146] 1947[147] or 1963[146] Weekly[147]
                          • Published by James R. Greene.[147]
                          • Published in Mobile from October 1961 to September 1963.[146]
                          Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Courier 1979?[148] ?[148] Monthly newspaper[148]
                          • Published by Charles Steele Jr. [148]
                          Tuscaloosa Tuskaloosa Chronicle 1896[149] ?[149] Weekly[149]
                          Tuscumbia The American Star 1901[150] 1929?[151] Monthly[150]
                          • "[T]he leading black paper in northwest Alabama."[151]
                          • Edited by G.W. Trenholm.[151]
                          Tuskegee The Alabama Headlight 1900[152] 1902?[152] Semimonthly[152]
                          • Published by Alabama Headlight.[152]
                          Tuskegee The Tuskegee Herald 1950[153] 1958[153] Monthly newspaper[153]
                          • Published by Hal Fisher. Edited by Mrs. E.M. Washington.[153]
                          Tuskegee The Messenger 1905[154] 1900s[154] Weekly[154]
                          Tuskegee The Negro Farmer 1940[155] ?[155] Monthly newspaper[155]
                          Tuskegee The Tuskegee Progressive 1970?[156] 1971[156] Weekly[156]
                          • Published by Joseph Ervin Morse.[156]
                          Tuskegee The Tuskegee Times 1974[157] 1976[157] Weekly[157]
                          Tuskegee The Tuskegee Voice 1976[158] 1977[158] Weekly[158]
                          • Published by J. Lowell Ware and edited by Rick Dunn.[158]
                          Tuskegee The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper 1900[159] ?[159] Monthly newspaper[159]
                          Union Springs The Union Springs Enterprise 1895[160] ?[160] Weekly[160]
                          • Edited by B.F. Rollins, then by R.T. Timothy in September–October 1896.[160]
                          Uniontown
                          		1900[162] 1917[9] Weekly[162]
                          • Official organ of the Black Belt Farmers Conference.[161]
                          Wetumpka Observer 1910[9] 1912[9] Weekly[9]
                              Yantley Racial Endeavors 1906[9] 1907[9] Weekly[9]

                                  See also

                                  Works cited

                                  References
                                  1. Smith 2012, p. 408.
                                  2. Jones 1983, p. 35.
                                  3. "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  4. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
                                  5. "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  6. Jones 1983, p. 29.
                                  7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
                                  8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
                                  9. Jones 1983, p. 59.
                                  10. "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  11. Jones 1983, p. 27.
                                  12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
                                  13. "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
                                  15. "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  16. Jones 1983, p. 56.
                                  17. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
                                  18. Jones 1983, p. 33.
                                  19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
                                  20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
                                  21. "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  22. "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
                                  24. "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
                                  26. Jones 1983, p. 32.
                                  27. "About The New era banner. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1918-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
                                  29. "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
                                  31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
                                  32. "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  33. "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
                                  35. Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817314309.
                                  36. "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  37. "About The Truth. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
                                  39. "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  40. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
                                  41. "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  42. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
                                  43. "About Wide awake bulletin. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1887-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  44. "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  45. "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
                                  47. "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  48. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
                                  49. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
                                  50. Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11. Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
                                  51. "About The Guardian. (Decatur, Ala.) 1910-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  52. "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
                                  54. "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  55. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
                                  56. "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  57. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
                                  58. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
                                  59. Jones 1983, p. 34.
                                  60. "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
                                  61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
                                  62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
                                  63. "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
                                  65. "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
                                  67. Jones 1983, p. 25.
                                  68. "About The Republican sentinel and Hayneville times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala. ;) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
                                  69. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3009.
                                  70. Jones 1982, p. 26.
                                  71. "About The Herald. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 187?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  72. "About The Huntsville journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1895-1897". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  73. "About The Journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1897-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  74. Jones 1983, p. 38.
                                  75. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
                                  76. "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  77. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
                                  78. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
                                  79. "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  80. "About The Eagle. (Kempsville, Ala.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  81. "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  82. "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  83. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
                                  84. "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  85. "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  86. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
                                  87. WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?". Retrieved 2020-02-15. Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
                                  88. Jones 1983, p. 26.
                                  89. "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
                                  90. Jones 1982, p. 23.
                                  91. "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  92. "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  93. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
                                  94. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
                                  95. Jones 1982, p. 24.
                                  96. Jones 1983, p. 37.
                                  97. "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  98. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
                                  99. Jones 1982, p. 53.
                                  100. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
                                  101. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
                                  102. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
                                  103. "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  104. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
                                  105. "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  106. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
                                  107. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
                                  108. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
                                  109. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
                                  110. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
                                  111. "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  112. "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  113. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
                                  114. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
                                  115. "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  116. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
                                  117. "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  118. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
                                  119. Jones 1983, p. 30.
                                  120. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
                                  121. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
                                  122. "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  123. "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  124. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
                                  125. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
                                  126. "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  127. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
                                  128. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
                                  129. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
                                  130. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
                                  131. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
                                  132. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
                                  133. Jones 1983, p. 36.
                                  134. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
                                  135. Jones 1982, pp. 25-26.
                                  136. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
                                  137. "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  138. "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  139. Jones 1983, p. 31.
                                  140. "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  141. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
                                  142. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
                                  143. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
                                  144. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
                                  145. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
                                  146. "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  147. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
                                  148. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
                                  149. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
                                  150. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
                                  151. Jones 1983, p. 39.
                                  152. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
                                  153. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
                                  154. "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  155. "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  156. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
                                  157. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
                                  158. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
                                  159. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
                                  160. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
                                  161. "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
                                  162. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.
                                  This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.