List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipients

Depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States currently has the second largest Jewish community in the world (after Israel). The American Jewish population was estimated to be approximately 5,128,000 (1.7%)[n 2] of the total population in 2008 (304,060,000).[2] However, it may be as high as 6,444,000 (2.2%).[n 3] As a contrast, Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics estimated the Israeli Jewish population was 5,435,800 in 2007.[3]

The medal is bestowed "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force" and the recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.[4][5]

Until 1914 the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart were the only medals that could be received so prior to 1916 the criteria for the Medal of Honor were much less restrictive than it is today. In 1916 however a board was established to ensure that future awards would be made only for the highest purposes, and some awards were rescinded.[6]

Since the institution of the Medal of Honor, at least 17 have been presented to American Jews, of which four were received posthumously.[n 1]

The American Civil War was a major conflict fought between the federal government of the United States and eleven of its member States which sought to secede and to create their own government, the Confederate States of America. It started on April 12, 1861, shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States, and ended four years later on April 9, 1865. During the war over 10,000 military engagements took place and more than 3 million people fought on both sides with 40% of the battles being fought in the states of Virginia and Tennessee.[7]

Since its creation, 1522 have received the Medal of Honor for actions during the American Civil War[8] and depending on sources, at least four were Jewish.

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Image	Name	Service	Rank	Place of action	Date of action	Notes	References
—	Abraham Cohn	Army	Sergeant Major	Battle of the Wilderness and Battle of the Crater, Virginia	May 6, 1864 and July 30, 1864	"During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., ... bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire."	[9][10][11][12]
—	Leopold Karpeles	Army	Sergeant	Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia	May 6, 1864	"While color bearer, rallied the retreating troops and induced them to check the enemy's advance"	[9][10][11][12]
	Benjamin Levy	Army	Private	Battle of Glendale, Virginia	Jun 30, 1862	Drummer boy, took the gun of a sick comrade and went into the fight, when the color bearers were shot down he carried the colors and saved them from capture.	[9][10][11][12]
—	David Orbansky	Army	Private	Shiloh, Tennessee, Vicksburg, Mississippi	1862 and 1863	"Gallantry in actions"	[9][10][12][13]

Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the native people of North America. The wars, which ranged from the 17th-century to the early 1900s, generally resulted in the opening of Native American lands to further colonization, the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation, or forced relocation to Indian reservations.[14]

From the time the Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War, through the end of the Indian Wars there were 426 recipients[8] who received it for actions in one of the Indian Wars, including one American Jew,[9] Simon Suhler, who received it under the name Charles Gardner.[15]

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

In 1915 Haiti saw several bloody changes in Government leadership and the result was an unstable and dangerous environment for American citizens, business and interests. After a citizen led revolt overthrew and killed the brutal new dictator General Vilbrun Guillaume Sam within 6 months of seizing power President Woodrow Wilson ordered the United States Marines to restore order and protect American property and lives. When the Marines arrived they began engaging the rebel Cacos and in a battle that ended at Fort Riviere, Haiti and resulting in hand-to-hand combat, the Cacos were eliminated. After the battle six Marines received the Medal of Honor[8] for their actions including Dan Daly, Smedley Butler and the only Jewish Marine to ever receive the Medal, Samuel Marguiles, who received it under the name Samuel Gross.[16][17]

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

When World War I broke out, the United States initially maintained a policy of isolationism, avoiding conflict while trying to negotiate peace between the warring nations. However, when a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson vowed, "America isn't too proud to fight" and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied and Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. He repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law.[18] In 1917, three years after the first shots of the war were fired, the United States entered the war and by the end of the conflict more than 4.7 million American soldiers, sailors and Marines would fight in the war.[19]

More than 250,000 Jewish Americans served in the armed forces during the war with more than 3,000 killed in action and another 12,000 being gassed or wounded.[12]

One hundred twenty four[8] people would eventually receive the Medal for their actions during the war, four of them were Jewish. One of them, William Sawelson, received it posthumously, when he was killed by a machine gun attempting to assist another injured soldier.[9][20]

  This along with * indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Image	Name	Service	Rank	Place of action	Date of action	Notes	References
	Sydney G. Gumpertz	Army	First Sergeant	Bois-de-Forges, France	Sep 29, 1918	"Gumpertz left the platoon of which he was in command and started with 2 other soldiers through a heavy barrage toward the machinegun nest. His 2 companions soon became casualties from bursting shells, but 1st Sgt. Gumpertz continued on alone in the face of direct fire from the machinegun, jumped into the nest and silenced the gun, capturing 9 of the crew."	[9][12][20][21]
	Benjamin Kaufman	Army	First Sergeant	Forest of Argonne, France	Oct 4, 1918	"He took out a patrol for the purpose of attacking an enemy machinegun which had checked the advance of his company. Before reaching the gun he became separated from his patrol and a machinegun bullet shattered his right arm. Without hesitation he advanced on the gun alone, throwing grenades with his left hand and charging with an empty pistol, taking one prisoner and scattering the crew, bringing the gun and prisoner back to the first-aid station."	[9][12][20][22]
	William Sawelson*	Army	Sergeant	Grand-Pre, France	Oct 26, 1918	"Hearing a wounded man in a shell hole some distance away calling for water, Sgt. Sawelson, upon his own initiative, left shelter and crawled through heavy machinegun fire to where the man lay, giving him what water he had in his canteen. He then went back to his own shell hole, obtained more water, and was returning to the wounded man when he was killed by a machinegun bullet."	[9][12][20][21]
	William Shemin	Army	Sergeant	Vesle River, France	Aug 9, 1918	"Sergeant Shemin distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a Rifleman with G Company, 2d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division, American Expeditionary Forces, in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy on the Vesle River, near Bazoches, France from August 7 to August 9, 1918. Sergeant Shemin left cover and crossed open space, repeatedly exposing himself to heavy machine-gun and rifle fire, to rescue wounded. After Officers and Senior Noncommissioned Officers had become casualties, Sergeant Shemin took command of the platoon and displayed great initiative under fire until wounded on August 9. Sergeant Shemin's extraordinary heroism and selflessness, above and beyond the call of duty, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army."

During World War II 16.1 million American service members served[19] and more than 650,000 of them were Jewish American men and women. More than 50,000 American Jews received medals during the war[12] including five Medals of Honor.[9][12][23]

Among the recipients were three Jewish Americans, Isadore S. Jachman, Ben L. Salomon and Raymond Zussman who all received it posthumously.[9] Jachman and Salomon were both killed attempting to assist other fallen soldiers; Zussman's medal was received for risking his life on September 12, 1944, but he was killed less than a month later before receiving it.[24]

  This along with * indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Image	Name	Service	Rank	Place of action	Date of action	Notes	References
—	Isadore S. Jachman*	Army	Staff Sergeant	Flamierge, Belgium	Jan 4, 1945	"[L]eft his place of cover and with total disregard for his own safety dashed across open ground through a hail of fire and seizing a bazooka from a fallen comrade advanced on the tanks, which concentrated their fire on him. Firing the weapon alone, he damaged one and forced both to retire."	[9][12][23][25]
—	Ben L. Salomon*	Army	Captain	Battle of Saipan, Mariana Islands	Jul 7, 1944	Held off advancing Japanese soldiers to protect the wounded he was treating	[9][26][27]
	Tony Stein*	Marine	Corporal	Iwo Jima, Japan	Mar 1, 1945	"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with Company A, 1st Battalion, 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, in the Volcano Islands, 19 February 1945. The first man of his unit to be on station after hitting the beach in the initial assault, Cpl. Stein, armed with a personally improvised aircraft-type weapon, provided rapid covering fire as the remainder of his platoon attempted to move into position. When his comrades were stalled by a concentrated machinegun and mortar barrage, he gallantly stood upright and exposed himself to the enemy's view, thereby drawing the hostile fire to his own person and enabling him to observe the location of the furiously blazing hostile guns. Determined to neutralize the strategically placed weapons, he boldly charged the enemy pillboxes 1 by 1 and succeeded in killing 20 of the enemy during the furious single-handed assault. Cool and courageous under the merciless hail of exploding shells and bullets which fell on all sides, he continued to deliver the fire of his skillfully improvised weapon at a tremendous rate of speed which rapidly exhausted his ammunition. Undaunted, he removed his helmet and shoes to expedite his movements and ran back to the beach for additional ammunition, making a total of 8 trips under intense fire and carrying or assisting a wounded man back each time. Despite the unrelenting savagery and confusion of battle, he rendered prompt assistance to his platoon whenever the unit was in position, directing the fire of a half-track against a stubborn pillbox until he had effected the ultimate destruction of the Japanese fortification. Later in the day, although his weapon was twice shot from his hands, he personally covered the withdrawal of his platoon to the company position. Stouthearted and indomitable, Cpl. Stein, by his aggressive initiative sound judgment, and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of terrific odds, contributed materially to the fulfillment of his mission, and his outstanding valor throughout the bitter hours of conflict sustains and enhances the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service."	[28]
—	Raymond Zussman*	Army	Second Lieutenant	Noroy-le-Bourg, France	Sep 12, 1944	"[R]econnoitered alone on foot far in advance of his remaining tank and the infantry ... Fully exposed to fire from enemy positions only 50 yards distant, he stood by his tank directing its fire ... Again he walked before his tank, leading it against an enemy-held group of houses, machinegun and small arms fire kicking up dust at his feet. ... Going on alone, he disappeared around a street corner. The fire of his carbine could be heard and in a few minutes he reappeared driving 30 prisoners before him."	[9][12][23][24]

When Korea was split into two separate countries, North and South, along the 38th parallel tensions between the two countries were worsened when other countries began to get involved on both sides. The communist country of North Korea was supported by Russia, China and others, while the democratic South was supported by the United Nations and the United States. In 1950 the United States got involved and over the next three years more than 1.5 million US service members would serve in Korea.[29][30] During the three years of the war 133 Medals of Honor were presented[8] and although more than 150,000 Jewish American men and women were serving in Korea at that time, not one received the Medal of Honor.[31]

On July 23, 1950 Tibor Rubin was serving as a rifleman in Korea when his unit was forced to retreat and he was ordered to stay behind and keep the road open for the withdrawing unit. During the 24-hour battle he single-handedly fought off an overwhelming number of North Korean troops, inflicting severe casualties on the attacking unit and assisted in the capture of many prisoners. A few months later Chinese forces staged a night-time assault on his unit and Rubin manned a machine gun allowing the unit to retreat southward, again inflicting heavy casualties on the attacking unit. During the battle he was severely wounded and was eventually captured by Chinese forces. Although the Chinese offered to release him early and return him to his native Hungary, he refused, remaining a prisoner and risking his life repeatedly by sneaking out at night to get food and medical supplies for other wounded prisoners.[32]

A 1993 study commissioned by the United States Army to investigate racial discrimination in the awarding of medals. During the investigation it was determined that one Veteran American Jew and Holocaust survivor, Tibor Rubin, had been the subject of discrimination due to his religion and should have received the Medal of Honor.[33] In 2005, 55 years later, President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor to Rubin in a ceremony at the White House, for his actions in 1950 during the Korean War.[33]

Image	Name	Service	Rank	Place of action	Date of action	Notes	References
	Leonard M. Kravitz*	Army	Private First Class	Yangpyong, South Korea	Mar 6, 1951	"On March 6 and 7, 1951, Kravitz' unit's positions at Yangpyong were overrun by the enemy. Kravitz voluntarily manned a machine-gun position, forcing the enemy to direct its efforts against him and helping his comrades to retreat at the cost of his own life."
	Tibor Rubin	Army	Corporal	Republic of Korea	Jul 23, 1950 – April 20, 1953	During a 24-hour battle he slowed the advance of an assault of Chinese troops allowing other personnel with the 8th Cavalry Regiment to complete its withdrawal successfully. Although he was severely wounded in the battle and subsequently captured by Chinese forces he chose to remain in Chinese prison despite offers of an early release. While detained he risked his own safety by sneaking out at night and breaking into enemy food stores and gardens to find food for other soldiers and providing medical care to the sick and wounded prisoners.	[9][32][34]

The Vietnam War was a military conflict between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States-supported Republic of Vietnam. It started in 1959 and concluded April 30, 1975 with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam.[35]

During the Vietnam War, 246 Medals of Honor were received, 154 of them posthumously.[8] Two American Jews received the Medal, Jack H. Jacobs[36] from the Army and John Levitow[37] from the Air Force.[9]

Image	Name	Service	Rank	Place of action	Date of action	Notes	References
	Jack H. Jacobs	Army	First Lieutenant	Kien Phong Province, Republic of Vietnam	Mar 9, 1968	Although seriously wounded and bleeding profusely, he assumed command and ordered a withdrawal. He then repeatedly returned through heavy fire, to rescue other wounded including the company commander and treated their wounds. On three occasions he repelled Viet Cong squads who were also searching for wounded American soldiers in the same area, killing three and wounding several others.	[9][12][36][38]
	John Levitow	Air Force	Airman First Class	Long Binh Army post, Republic of Vietnam	Feb 24, 1969	Although severely wounded himself from a mortar round, he moved another wounded crew member to safety. He then used his own body to smother and move a smoking flare from within the cargo compartment of the aircraft and threw it from the back of the plane as it separated and ignited in the air as it cleared the aircraft.	[37][38]

• List of Jewish Americans in the military
• Jewish American military history

Inline

General

• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960). History of the Filipino People (Eighth edition (1990) ed.). Quezon City: Garcia. ISBN 971-10-2415-2.
• Boritt, Gabor S.; Ambrose, Stephen E. (1995). War Comes Again: Comparative Vistas on the Civil War and World War II. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508845-X. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
• Brands, Henry William (1997). T. R.: The Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06958-3. OCLC 36954615.
• Brody, Seymour (2004). Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America; 151 True Stories of Jewish American Heroism. Hollywood, Florida: Frederick Fell Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-88391-026-8. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
• Constantino, Renato (1975). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. ISBN 978-971-8958-00-1.
• Delmendo, Sharon (2004). The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3411-4. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
• Esherick, Joseph W. (1987). The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06459-3. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
• Hermes, Jr., Walter (1966). Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 66-60002.
• Rausch, David A. (1996). Friends, Colleagues, and Neighbors: Jewish Contributions to American History. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-1119-1.
• Scharfstein, Sol; Gelabert, Dorcas (1997). Chronicle of Jewish History: From the Patriarchs to the 21st Century. KTAV Pub. House. ISBN 0-88125-560-2. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
• Stewart, Richard W. (ed.). "Ch. 8 :The Korean War, 1950–1953". American Military History, Volume 2 (revised 2005). CMH Pub 30-22. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
• Thornton, Russell (1990). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2220-X. Retrieved May 10, 2011.

• National Museum of American Jewish Military History Hall of Heroes