List of Romanian Americans
This is a list of notable Romanian-Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants.
| Lists of Americans |
|---|
| By U.S. state |
| By ethnicity or nationality |
|
|
Academics
Literary Critics
- Matei Călinescu – professor at Indiana University Bloomington[1]
Mathematicians
- Alexandra Bellow – mathematician, Professor Emeritus at Northwestern University
- Ana Caraiani – mathematician, member of the American Mathematical Society
- Ioana Dumitriu – mathematician, professor at the University of Washington
- Ciprian Foias – mathematician, distinguished professor at Texas A&M University
- Tudor Ganea – mathematician, known for his work in algebraic topology
- Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen – mathematician, statistician, and economist[2]
- Matei Machedon – mathematician, professor at the University of Maryland
- Ciprian Manolescu – mathematician, professor at Stanford University
- Irina Mitrea – mathematician, professor at Temple University
- Mircea Mustaţă – mathematician, professor at the University of Michigan
- Florian Pop – mathematician, professor at the University of Pennsylvania
- Mihnea Popa – mathematician, professor at Northwestern University
- Sorin Popa – mathematician, professor at the University of California, Los Angeles
- Cristian Dumitru Popescu – mathematician, professor at the University of California, San Diego
- Ovidiu Savin – mathematician, professor at Columbia University
- Rodica Simion – mathematician, known for her work in combinatorics
- Ileana Streinu – mathematician, professor at Smith College
- Bogdan Suceavă – mathematician, professor at California State University Fullerton
- Dan-Virgil Voiculescu – mathematician, professor at the University of California, Berkeley
- Alexandru Zaharescu – mathematician, professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Historians, sociologists and philosophers
- Eugene Borza – professor of history at Pennsylvania State University[3]
- Ioan Petru Culianu – historian of religion [4]
- Mircea Eliade – philosopher, writer, historian of religions[5]
- Radu Florescu – emeritus professor of history at Boston College[6]
Art
- Eugen Ciucă – sculptor
- Noche Crist – painter
- Christopher Georgesco – sculptor
- Cristian Gheorghiu – contemporary artist
- Ami James – tattoo artist
- De Hirsh Margules – painter (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Alexandra Nechita – cubist painter[7]
Architects
- Max Abramovitz – architect of Avery Fisher Hall, of Romanian-Jewish descent[8]
- Haralamb H. Georgescu – architect[9]
Business
- Micky Arison – chairman of Carnival Corporation and owner of NBA's Miami Heat[10]
- Jeffrey Brotman – co-founder of Costco Wholesale Corporation (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Safra Catz – CEO of Oracle Corporation
- Dan Dascalescu – entrepreneur, co-founder of Blueseed
- John DeLorean – engineer, founder of the DeLorean Motor Company[11]
- Peter Georgescu – chairman emeritus of Young & Rubicam
- Michael Horodniceanu – engineer and businessman, former president of MTA Capital Construction
- Stephanie Korey – co-founder and executive chairman of Away
- David Marcus – former President of PayPal, and current Vice President of Messaging Products at Facebook
- Martin Bud Seretean – founder, and former CEO of Coronet Industries.[12]
- Anastasia Soare – CEO and founder of Anastasia Beverly Hills
- Christine Valmy – founded the first esthetician school in the United States
Entertainment
Actors
- Sadie Alexandru – actress
- Lauren Bacall – actress (Romanian Jewish mother)[13]
- Bob Balaban - actor (part Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Jillian Bell – actress and screenwriter
- Tim Conway – actor and comedian (Romanian mother)
- Melinda Culea – actress
- Fran Drescher – actress and comedian (part Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Illeana Douglas – actress
- Jennifer Ehle – actress
- Lisa Ferraday – actress
- Ana Gasteyer – actress and comedian
- Joseph Gordon-Levitt - actor (part Romanian-Jewish descent)[14]
- Oana Gregory – actress
- Dustin Hoffman – actor and filmmaker (part Romanian-Jewish descent)[15]
- Harvey Keitel – actor and producer (Romanian Jewish mother)
- Tristan Leabu – actor
- Andrea Marcovicci – actress and singer
- Carl Reiner – comedian and actor (Romanian Jewish mother)
- Edward G. Robinson – actor (Romanian-Jewish descent)[16][17]
- Sebastian Stan – actor[18]
- Johnny Pacar – actor and singer
- David Pittu – actor
- Natalie Portman – Academy Award-winning actress (part Romanian-Jewish descent)[19]
- Ray Wise – actor (Romanian mother)
- Adrian Zmed – actor best known from the T.J. Hooker television series.[20]
Screenwriter, directors and producer of films and theatre
- Stanley Kubrick – film director, screenwriter, producer and photographer. His father's parents and paternal grandparents were of Romanian Jewish descent.
- Jean Negulesco – film director and screenwriter[21]
- Petru Popescu – screenwriter from Hollywood and best-selling author[22]
- Steve Sabol – film producer and one of the founders of NFL Films
- Andrei Șerban – director of theater and opera[23]
- Erwin Stoff – film producer and founder of 3 Arts Entertainment
Singers and musicians
- Herb Alpert – lead singer, and horn player with Tijuana Brass (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Lucian Ban – jazz piano player, composer[24]
- Laura Bretan – soprano singer
- Shelby Cinca – punk rock guitarist[25]
- Sergiu Comissiona – conductor and musician[26]
- Art Garfunkel – singer, poet, and actor (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Angela Gheorghiu – soprano[27]
- Alma Gluck – soprano[28]
- Christina Grimmie – singer
- Harloe – singer
- Yolanda Marculescu – soprano
- Necro – hardcore rapper
- Margareta Paslaru – singer
- Beverly Sills – soprano[29]
- Virginia Zeani – opera singer[30]
Sports
- Fred Arbanas (born 1939) – American football player
- Scarlett Bordeaux (born 1991) – WWE wrestler
- Nadia Comăneci (born 1961) – Olympic gold medalist in gymnastics (defected to the US in 1989)[31]
- Nick Denes (1906–1975) – American football and basketball coach
- Eric Ghiaciuc (born 1981) – American football player
- John Ghindia (1925–2012) – American football player and coach
- Bill Goldberg (born 1966) – American football player and undefeated wrestler (Romanian-Jewish descent).[32]
- Hroniss Grasu (born 1991) – American football player
- Hank Greenberg (1911–1986) – Baseball Hall of Famer (Romanian-Jewish descent).[33]
- Lou Groza (1924–2000) – Pro Football Hall of Famer
- Ernie Grunfeld (born 1955) – basketball player and former general manager of the Washington Wizards
- Red Holzman (1920–1998) – NBA Hall of Fame coach and former player (Romanian Jewish mother)[34]
- Sabrina Ionescu (born 1997) – basketball player for the New York Liberty; college honors at the University of Oregon include multiple national player of the year awards in 2019 and 2020[35][36][37]
- Fred Lebow (1932–1994) – founder of the New York City Marathon[38]
- Dominique Moceanu (born 1981) – US Olympic gymnast[39]
- Corina Morariu (born 1978) – former professional tennis player, reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles in 2000[40]
- Gheorghe Mureșan (born 1971) – former NBA player; lives in USA[41]
- Stephen Negoesco (1925–2019) – soccer coach[42]
- Betty Okino (born 1975) – US Olympic gymnast[43]
- Sam Paulescu (born 1984) – American football player[44]
- Nick Roman (1947–2003) – American football player
- Dolph Schayes (1928–2015) – NBA Hall of Famer player and coach[45]
- Bud Selig (born 1934) – Commissioner of Major League Baseball[46]
- Charley Stanceu (1916–1969) – baseball player[47]
- Mark Suciu (born 1992) – professional skateboarder[48]
- Otmar Szafnauer (born 1964) – Chief Executive Officer and Team Principal of the Racing Point F1 Team
- Kevin Youkilis (born 1979) – Major League Baseball player; first baseman for the Boston Red Sox[49][50][51]
Media/Journalism
- Rukmini Callimachi – journalist, The New York Times
- Harry Caray – former baseball broadcaster[52]
- Chip Caray – sports broadcaster for Fox Sports South
- Liz Claman – anchor of the Fox Business Network show Countdown to the Closing Bell
- Horace Dediu – technology journalist
- Steve Fainaru – investigative journalist and senior writer for ESPN.com and ESPN The Magazine
- John Florea – photojournalist for Life magazine
- Lisa Kennedy – host of the Kennedy show on the Fox Business Network
- Dan Moldea – author and investigative journalist[53]
- George Puscas – sports reporter for the Detroit Free Press
- Marc Stein – sports reporter for The New York Times (Romanian-Jewish descent)[54]
- Brian Unger – journalist and commentator for NPR
Military
- Nicolae Dunca – captain in the 12th New York Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War
- George Pomutz – Brevet Brigadier General, commanded the 15th Iowa Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War[55]
- Eugen Ghica-Comănești - captain in the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry in the American Civil War
- Alexander Vraciu – World War II Navy pilot; ace[56]
Politics
- Steven Fulop – current Mayor of Jersey City (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Michael Gruitza – former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
- Chris Lauzen – Illinois state senator of District 25 (1993–2013)
- John Rakolta – current United States Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates appointed by Donald Trump
- Elizabeth Tamposi – former Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs at the U.S. Department of State (1989–1992)
Religion
- John Michael Botean – Romanian Greek-Catholic bishop
- Nathaniel Popp – Romanian Orthodox Archbishop[57]
- Vasile Louis Puscas – Romanian Greek-Catholic bishop
- Alexander Ratiu – former Romanian Greek-Catholic priest and author[58]
- Valerian Trifa – former archbishop of Romanian Orthodox Church of America and Canada[59]
Sciences
- Rodica Baranescu – mechanical engineer known for her research in automotive diesel engines
- Adrian Bejan – mechanical engineer, Benjamin Franklin Medal Laureate[60]
- Mircea Dincă – chemist
- Diana Fosha – psychologist
- Viviana Gradinaru – neuroscientist
- Dan Graur – scientist
- Liviu Librescu – material scientist, and professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech
- Horațiu Năstase – physicist and professor in the High energy physics group at Brown University in Providence, RI, USA.[61]
- Mihai Nadin – researcher in electrical engineering
- George Emil Palade – Nobel Prize-winning biologist[62][63]
- Sergiu Pașca – scientist and physician at Stanford University
- Vasile Popov – leading systems theorist and control engineering specialist
- Gideon Rodan – biochemist and osteopath[64]
- Nicholas Sanduleak – astronomer
Computer science
- Andrei Alexandrescu – computer scientist, worked as a research scientist at Facebook[65]
- Andrei Broder – computer scientist and distinguished scientist at Google
- Maria-Florina Balcan – computer scientist
- Mihaela Cardei - computer scientist and researcher, professor at Florida Atlantic University
- Flaviu Cristian – computer scientist, noted for his work in distributed systems
- Roxana Geambasu – computer scientist and associate professor of computer science at Columbia University
- Virgil Gligor – computer scientist, professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, he has been inducted into the National Cybersecurity Hall of Fame.
- Grigore Rosu – computer scientist, professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Daniela Rus – director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
- Ion Stoica – computer scientist, professor of computer science at the University of California Berkeley and co-director of AMPLab.
- Rada Mihalcea – computer scientist, professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Michigan
- Anca Mosoiu – computer scientist, credited with helping to build the tech industry in Oakland.
- Fabian Pascal – computer scientist, consultant to large software vendors such as IBM, Oracle Corporation, and Borland.
- Matei Zaharia – computer scientist, creator of Apache Spark.
Writers
- John Balaban – poet
- Ion Cârja – writer and anti-communist activist[66]
- Nina Cassian – poet, journalist, film critic[67]
- Andrei Codrescu – poet, writer, radio host[68]
- Thomas Pavel – literary theorist, critic, and novelist currently teaching at the University of Chicago[69]
- Norman Manea – writer[70]
- Valery Oișteanu – poet, art critic, writer, essayist, and photographer[71]
- Virgil Nemoianu – essayist, literary critic, and philosopher of culture[72]
- Michael Radu – political writer[73]
- Saviana Stănescu – writer (poet, playwright)[74]
- Dorin Tudoran – poet, writer, journalist[75]
Comics writers
- Will Eisner – comics writer, artist, and entrepreneur (Romanian-Jewish descent)[76][77]
- Sandu Florea – illustrator, comic book, and comic strip creator[78]
- Elena Kucharik – illustrator
- Stan Lee – comic book writer, editor, publisher and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics (Romanian-Jewish descent)
- Saul Steinberg – cartoonist and illustrator (Romanian-Jewish descent)
Others
- George Barris – photographer best known for his photographs of Marilyn Monroe
- Alexandra Botez – chess player
- Andrea Botez - chess player
- Catherine Caradja – philanthropist, aristocrat, Romanian expatriate to the U.S.[79]
- Misha Gabriel – dancer and choreographer
- Serban Ghenea – mixing engineer, who has recorded and mixed tracks for artists including Adele, Stevie Wonder, Rod Stewart, Bruno Mars, Taylor Swift and many more
- Joe Oros – automobile designer for the Ford Motor Company
- Ion Mihai Pacepa – general of Securitate
- Mircea Răceanu – diplomat[80]
- Vladimir Tismăneanu – specialist in political systems and comparative politics[81]
See also
References
- Vianu, L. (1998). Censorship in Romania. Central European University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9789639116092.
- Maneschi, Andrea; Zamagni, Stefano (1997). "Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: 1906-1994". The Economic Journal. 107 (442): 695–707. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.1997.tb00035.x. JSTOR 2957794.
- "The New Pioneer". Cultural Association for Americans of Roumanian Descent. August 23, 1942 – via Google Books.
- Boia, L. (2001). History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness. Central European University Press. p. 242. ISBN 9789639116979.
- "Mircea Eliade (Romanian religious historian and author) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Radu Florescu (Author of In Search of Dracula)". goodreads.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Visual arts research. 2009-10-29. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- Holmer, Rick (2005-07-08). The Aztec Book of Destiny. ISBN 9781419611636. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- Georgescu, H.H. (2008). Architect Român În SUA. Ed. univ. ă Ion Mincu. ISBN 9789731884127.
- "Micky Arison Biography". Athletepromotions.com. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- Make it new John Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine belfastexposed.org
- Randall L. Patton (1999). Carpet Capital: The Rise of a New South Industry. University of Georgia Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-82032-464-7.
- "Lauren Bacall - JWA". jwa.org. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- Keveney, Bill (August 2, 2017). "Channing Tatum, Joseph Gordon-Levitt on their quirky show, dubbed 'Comrade Detective'". USA Today. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
- Gross, Terry (January 16, 2013). 'Quartet': Dustin Hoffman, Behind The Camera (Radio broadcast). National Public Radio (NPR). Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- Archived 2006-06-29 at the Wayback Machine "In 1904, as a 10-year-old Romanian Jewish immigrant named Manny Goldenberg, he was debating whether to become a rabbi or a lawyer. Instead, to our good fortune as movie fans, he became Edward G. Robinson, the movie star."
- Davies, Oren (2008-09-01). Superb Book of Boys Names. ISBN 9781606933435. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- "Sebastian Stan Biography". buddytv.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Heath, Chris (June 20, 2002). "The Private Life of Natalie Portman: Rolling Stone's 2002 Cover Story". Rolling Stone (898). Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- Galore, D.; Covino, J. (2008). Sexcapades by the Decades: The Thirties. Epic Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780943283159.
- "Radio Romania International". Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Romanian Cultural Institute". icrny.org. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Columbia School of the Arts".
- "Sam Newsome & Lucian Ban: The Romanian-American Jazz Suite at the Jazz Standard, NYC". allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "thepunkguy.com at Directnic". thepunkguy.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- James R. Oestreich (March 7, 2005). "Sergiu Comissiona, 76, Busy Conductor, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- "Angela Gheorghiu (Romanian opera singer) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Page, Tim (December 14, 2003). "Crank Up the Victrola: A Crossover Star Is Reborn". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- Nockin, Maria (September 1, 2007). "Beverly Sills, a Fond Remembrance". CS Music. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- Rosenthal, H.D. (1966). Great singers of today. Calder & Boyars.
- "Bart Conner & Nadia Comaneci". nadiacomaneci.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Bill Goldberg, Steve Goldberg (2000) I'm Next: The Strange Journey of America's Most Unlikely Superhero, Crown Publishing Group, p. 160–161
- Wilonsky, Robert (August 31, 2000). "The Moses of Baseball". Miami New Times. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- Tracy, Marc (June 3, 2010). "Magic Number". Tablet. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- FitzGerald, Tom (January 5, 2017). "Miramonte alum Sabrina Ionescu returns to Bay Area with Oregon". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- "Bio: Sabrina Ionescu". Oregon Ducks. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- Hays, Graham (April 15, 2020). "2020 WNBA draft -- How projected No. 1 pick Sabrina Ionescu redefined NCAA basketball". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- Foderaro, Lisa W. (November 1, 2011). "Arriving at the Finish Line, Days Before the Race" – via NYTimes.com.
- "Romanians in Cleveland | Cleveland Romanians". clevelandpeople.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Roberts, John (July 24, 2002). "Morariu returns after leukaemia battle - Tennis, Sport". London: The Independent. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- "Famous Romanians: Gheorghe (Ghita) Muresan | Romania-Insider.com". romania-insider.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Steve Negoesco, soccer coach who led USF to 4 national titles, dies at 93". SFChronicle.com. February 5, 2019.
- Higa, Liriel (August 10, 2016). "Before Simone Biles, These Women Broke Barriers". The New York Times.
- "Pamplin Media Group". portlandtribune.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "If you missed it, here's a piece on Syracuse's No. 1 sports treasure, NBA icon Dolph Schayes". syracuse.com. January 14, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- Myers, Marc (September 24, 2019). "Bud Selig Grew Up With Baseball in His Blood" – via www.wsj.com.
- Rainey, Chris (April 21, 2011). "Charley Stanceu". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- "Mark Suciu: The Route One Interview". Route One London. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
- ""romanian american" bornstein - Google Search". www.google.com.
- "Sun Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
- "Bangor Daily News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
- "Harry Caray". Missouri Broadcasters Association.
- Dan E. Moldea. "Dan E. Moldea". moldea.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Stein, Marc (June 21, 2015). "My father left nightmares behind to pursue his dreams". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- "St. Mary Romanian Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland Ohio". clevelandpeople.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "The Air University 404 Page". au.af.mil. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Nathaniel Popp". Romanianamericans.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- Who's who in Romanian America: Serban C. Andronescu, Compiler ; American Institute for Writing Research Corp., Editor; By Serban Andronescu, American Institute for Writing Research, American Institute for Writing Research, Published by Andronescu-Wyndill, 1976, 188 pages
- "VALERIAN TRIFA, AN ARCHBISHOP WITH A FASCIST PAST, DIES AT 72 - New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Adrian Bejan - The Franklin Institute". The Franklin Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- "Curriculum Vitae Horatiu Stefan Nastase" (PDF). Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004). The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. ISBN 9780618221233. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- Anderson, James M.; Smith, Iva A. (September 24, 2008). Ethnic groups in Michigan. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- "The New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Interview with Andrei Alexandrescu C++ Expert". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- Wertsman, V. (2002). Romanians in the United States and Canada: a guide to ancestry and heritage research. HeritageQuest. p. 89. ISBN 9781931488877.
- Vianu, L. (1998). Censorship in Romania. Central European University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9789639116092.
- Olson, K. (2005). Andrei Codrescu and the Myth of America. McFarland. p. 159. ISBN 9780786491438.
- Bertens, J.W.; Bertens, H.; Fokkema, D. (1997). International Postmodernism: Theory and Literary Practice. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 1–438. ISBN 9789027234452.
- Manea, N. (1993). October, Eight O'Clock Stories. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802133717.
- Biblioteca Națională a României (2000). "Bibliografia naționalǎ romanǎ: Articole din publicații seriale. Culturǎ". Bibliografia Naţională Română Cărţi, Albume, Hărţi. Biblioteca Naționalǎ a Romaniei. 1 (7–9): 10. ISSN 1454-7430.
- Vianu, L. (1998). Censorship in Romania. Central European University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9789639116092.
- Radu, M. (1981). Eastern Europe and the Third World: East vs. South. Praeger. ISBN 9780030586484.
- "SAVIANA STANESCU - COMING UP". saviana.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- Cornis-Pope, M.; Neubauer, J. (2007). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. J. Benjamins Pub. p. 59. ISBN 9789027234551.
- "Will Eisner Comics Innovator". TheCartoonists.ca. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
- Moss, Charles. "Will Eisner's Dual Identity: The Spirit of an Artist". Retrieved February 13, 2009.
- "Sandu Florea | Lambiek Comiclopedia". lambiek.net. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "CARADJA, CATHERINE OLYMPIA | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- "Studia politica: Romanian political science review". Editura Meridiane. August 23, 2005 – via Google Books.
- Cosmina Tănăsoiu (February 1, 2008). "Intellectuals and Post-Communist Politics in Romania — East European Politics & Societies". Eep.sagepub.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.