List of glossing abbreviations

This page lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing.

Introductory remarks

Purpose

This list serves a double purpose:

  • It documents current conventions in interlinear glossing in linguistic literature (recorded in the "variants" column, if different from the conventional Wikipedia gloss).
  • It is a point of orientation for interlinear linguistic glossing in Wikipedia (this is the meaning of "conventional gloss"). Note that not all glosses listed here have a conventional variant. This may be lacking for cases where no clear preference from the linguistic literature can be established.

Conventional glosses
  • In future revisions of this list, a single conventional gloss should be provided for every meaning, backed up by a linguistic reference work. For the moment, this list assumes that Leipzig Glossing Rules[1] are the most widely known de-facto standard and thus taken as a basis for conventional glosses.
  • This list provides a conventional gloss as established in the Leipzig Glossing rules (or another standard inventory of glossing abbreviations if the Leipzig Glossing Rules do not apply). Glosses from other (explicitly stated) sources are given as a conventional gloss if the Leipzig Glossing Rules do not provide a gloss for a particular category, unless multiple variants have been suggested (then, all are listed as variants, without a conventional gloss). Non-sourced glosses (without an explicit reference) are listed as variants, only.
  • For interlinear glossing in Wikipedia, see templates {{interlinear}} and {{Gcl}}. Note that the list of conventional glosses is informative only, but with increasing maturity, it should serve as a basis for future adjustments to Module:Interlinear/data.

Notational conventions
  • Abbreviations beginning with N- (common prefix for non-) may not be listed separately. For example, NPST non-past is not listed, as it is composable from N- non- + PST past. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.[1]
  • Abbreviations ending with -Z (a common suffix for -izer) are treated similarly. For example, TRZ transitivizer is not listed, as it is composable from TR transitive + -Z -izer.
  • Abbreviations are generally written in all caps or—apart from the terms A, S, O and P—in small caps, to distinguish them from lexical words.

Glossing abbreviations and meanings
Conventional Gloss Variants / Unsourced Meaning Reference
- separator for segmentable morphemes, e.g., Lezgian amuq’-da-č (stay-FUT-NEG) "will not stay" [1]
= Clitic boundaries are marked by an equals sign, both in the object language and in the gloss, e.g., West Greenlandic palasi=lu niuirtur=lu (priest=and shopkeeper=and) "both the priest and the shopkeeper" [1]
. when a single, non-segmentable morph is rendered by several glosses, these are separated by periods, e.g., French chevaux (horse.PL) "horses" [1]
› direction of transitivity or possession in polypersonal agreement
(2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1S›SG may mean a 1S possessor and a singular possessum)
∅ 0 zero (null), covert form
(such as gender in a language where the word does not show it)		[2][3]
1 first person[1]
2 second person[1]
3 third person[1]
A agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb[1]
AB abstract
ABE ABESS abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without')

Lehmann (2004) recommends using privative (PRV) or aversive (AVERS), instead[3]

 [2]
ABL ablative case ('from')[1]
ABS absolutive case[1]
ABSL absolute (free, non-incorporated form of noun) [3]
ABSTR abstract (of nominal) [3]
ACC accusative case[1]
ACCOM accompanier
ACT active voice[2][3]
ACR ACT actor role (in role and reference grammar)[3]
ADD additive case [3]
ADJ adjective[1]
ADESS ADE adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC)[2][3]
ADEL adelative [4][3]
ADM admonitive mood (warning)[3]
ADV adverb(ial)[1]
ADV adverbial case
AF actor focus [4]
AFF AFFMT affirmative[2]
AFF affective case
AG AGT agentive case (cf ACT)[2][3]
AGR agreement[1]
ALL allative case ('to')[1]
ALLOC AL allocutive agreement[3]
AL ALIEN alienable possession[3]
AND andative ('going towards', cf venitive)[3]
ANIM animate gender (cf R)[2]
ANT anterior tense (used for PRF in some traditions)[2]
ANTE antessive case ('before')
ANTIC, ACAUS anticausative[4][3]
ANTIP AP,APASS antipassive voice[1]
AOR aorist (= PFV or PST.PFV)[2]
APP apposition
APPL APL applicative voice[1]
APPR apprehensive mood, apprehensional ('lest')[3]
APRX approximative
ART article[1]
ASP aspect, aspectual[2]
ASSOC ASS associative case (= COM)[3]
ASSUM ASS assumptive mood, assumed[3]
ASRT ASS assertive mood[3]
AT agent trigger (= AV agent voice)
ATTEN ATT attenuative[3]
ATTR attributive[4]
AUD auditory evidential[3]
AUG augmentative [4][3]
AUX auxiliary verb [1]
B benefactive (when it is a core argument)
BE 'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP)
BEN benefactive case ('for') [1]
C common gender [2]
C Clause [2]
CAP (cap)ability, modal case
CARD cardinal numeral [3]
CAUS CAU causative [1]
CENT centric case
CF counterfactual conditional [4]
CF circumstantial focus [4]
CIRC circumstantial [3]
CIRC circumfix
CIT citation form
CL CLF, CLASS classifier [1][2]
CMPD compound
CNSQ consequential mood
CONTR, CNTR contrastive [4]
COLL COL collective number [3]
COM COMIT comitative case ('together with') [1]
COMP c complementizer (note that the gloss variant C is ambiguous) ,[1] cf.[2]
CMPR COMP comparative [3]
COMPL CPL completive aspect [1]
CON concrete
CONC concessive [3]
COND conditional mood [1]
CONJ CNJ conjunction [2]
CONJ conjunctive (interpropositional relation) [3]
CONN connective particle [4][3]
CONT CONT, CNT, CTN continuous aspect, continuative aspect [2][4][3]
COP copula [1]
COR coreference
CRAS crastinal tense ('tomorrow') [3]
CRS current relevance marker (as in the perfect)
CVB converb

Lehmann (2004) recommends using 'gerund' (GER), instead[3]

 [1]
D core dative case
DAT dative case [1]
DE different event, change of event (cf DS)
DECL DEC declarative mood [1]
DEF definite [1]
DEI, DEIX deixis, deictic
DEL delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later)
DEL delative case ('off of') [3]
DEL deliberative mood
DEM demonstrative [1]
DEO deontic mood
DEP dependent (as in DEP.FUT)
DER derivation, derivational
DES DESI, DESID desiderative mood [2][3]
DEST destinative aspect [2]
DET determiner [1]
DETR detransitive
DETR detransitivizer [3]
DFLT default [5]
DH motion downhill, seaward (cf DR)
DIM diminutive [2]
DIREV DIR direct evidential (= EXP) [2][3]
DIR DIR directional (= LAT) [2][3]
DIR direct case [2]
DISCNT discontinuative aspect [4]
DISJ disjunction
DIST distal demonstrative [1]
DISTR distributive case [1]
DITR ditransitive
DLM delimited
DM discourse marker [2]
DO direct object [2]
DR motion downriver (cf DH)
DS different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE) [4]
DU dual number [1]
DUB dubitative mood [3]
DUR durative aspect (continuous aspect) [1]
DY, DYAD dyadic
DYN dynamic aspect [3]
E epenthetic morpheme
-E (used to form various -essive cases)
ELAT EL, ELA elative case ('out of') [2][3]
EMO EMOT, EMOJ emoji, emoticon
EMPH EMP emphatic, emphasizer [2][3]
ENCL enclitic [2]
EPENTH epenthetical [4]
EPIS epistemic mood or modality
ERG ergative case [1]
ESS essive case [2]
EVID EV evidential [3]
EVIT evitative case (= aversive case)
EXCL EX exclusive person [1]
EXCLAM, EXCL exclamative
EX.DUR excessive duration
EXESS exessive case
EXH exhortative
EXIST existential ('there is') [2]
EXO exocentric case
EXP, EXPER Experiencer [2]
EXP EXPER experiential, eyewitness = direct evidential [2][3]
EXPL expletive (dummy / meaningless form)
F FEM feminine gender [1]
FACT FTV factive evidential [2]
FAM familiar, as for familiar register (as the T–V distinction); and familiar pronominal [4][3]
FIN finite verb [2]
FOC focus [1]
FORM formal, as for formal register (as the T–V distinction), formal mood [3]
FP final particle (joshi)
FREQ FR frequentative aspect [3]
FRACT fraction, fractional (numeral) [1]
FMR former, deceased
FUT future tense [1]
G gender (G4 = the 4th gender)
GEN genitive case [1]
GER gerund [2]
GNO gnomic (generic) aspect
GT goal trigger (Austronesian; = GV goal voice)
H Head [2]
H hearer/reader [2]
H high variety/code, in adiglossic situation [2]
H high (pitch/tone) [2]
HABIT HAB habitual aspect [2][3]
HML HBL humble register [3]
HEST hesternal tense ('yesterday') [3]
HIST historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense
HOD hodiernal tense ('today') in HODFUT (hodernial future) and HODPST (hodernial past) [3]
HON honorific [2]
HORT hortative [3]
HSY hearsay, reported evidential
HUM human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R) [2]
HYP HYPOTH hypothetical mood [2][3]
I inflected
ICP,INCMP, INCMPL incompletive aspect [4][3]
ID identical (~ NID)
IDENTIF identifiable
IDEO ideophone (≈ MIM)
IGNOR ignorative
ILL illative case ('into') [2]
IMM IM immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense [3]
IMP imperative mood [1]
IMPERF imperfect (= PST.IPFV) [2]
IMPR, IMPREC imprecative mood
IMPRS, IMPS, IMPR impersonal verb [4][3]
INCL IN inclusive person [1]
INAL inalienable possession
INAN inanimate gender [2]
INCH INCHO, INCEP inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect [3]
IND INDIC indicative mood [1]
INDF NDEF,INDEF indefinite [1]
INESS INE inessive case ('in') [3]
INF infinitive [1]
INFL Inflection [2]
INFR INFER inferential mood [3]
INEL inelative case ('from within')
INS INSTR instrumental case [1]
INTS INT intensifier, intensive [4][3]
INT INTER interrogative (= Q) [4][3]
INTEN intentional
INTERJ Interjection [2]
INTR NTR intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) [1]
INV inverse [4][3]
IO indirect object
IPFV imperfective aspect (= NPFV) [1]
IRR irrealis mood [1]
IS indirect speech [2]
ITER iterative aspect [2]
JUSS JUS jussive mood [3]
-L (used to form various -lative cases)
L low (pitch/tone) [2]
L low variety/code, in adiglossic situation [2]
L2 second language (code-switching) [2]
LAT lative case (= MVMT, direction) [3]
LD locative case + directional
LENGTH vowel or consonant emphasis lengthening
LNK LK linking element, interfix [4][3]
LOC locative case (includes essive case) [1]
LOG logophoric [3]
M MASC masculine gender [1]
MAN manner [3]
MID middle voice [4][3]
MIM mimetic (≈ IDEO)
MIR (ad)mirative
MLT, MLTP multiplicative case
MOD mood, modal, modal case [2]
MOD modifier [2]
MOM momentane [4]
MONO monofocal person [4]
MVT movement
N NEUT neuter gender [1]
N- non-(e.g. NSG non-singular, NPST non-past, NF non-feminine) [1][3]
NARR NAR narrative tense [4][3]
NEG negation, negative [1]
NFIN NF non-finite (nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) [3]
NF non-feminine [3]
NHUM NH non-human [3]
NMLZ NMZ, NZ, NOMI, NR nominalizer/nominalization [1]
NOM nominative case [1]
NS non-subject (see oblique case)
NTR, INTR intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument)
NUM numeral, number [2]
O patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) [1]
OBJ OB object; objective case [2][3]
OBL oblique case [1]
OBV obviative [4][3]
OPT optative mood [2]
ORD ordinal numeral [3]
P patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O) [1]
P pre-, post-(P.HOD prehodiernal)
PTCP PART,PCP participle, participle marker

(avoid PART, cf. particle)

 ,[1] cf.[2][3]
PRTV PART,PTV partitive case [2][3]
PASS PAS passive voice [1]
PAT patientive (= UND) [2]
PAU PA paucal number [3]
PEG pegative case (a special case for the giver)
PERL PER perlative case ('per', using) [3]
PRF PERF, PF perfect (= RET) [2][3]
PERM permission [4]
PERS personal [2]
PFV perfective aspect [1]
PL plural [1]
PLUP PLU, PLUPERF pluperfect [2][3]
PLU, PLUR pluractional
PM phrase marker
PM predicate marker
PN, PRO pronoun [2]
PO primary object [3]
POL polite register [2]
POSB possible [4]
POSS POS possessive marker [1]
POST, POSTP postposition, postpositional case [4]
POSTE postessive case ('after')
POSTEL postelative case
POT POTEN potential mood [2][3]
PP past participle
PP passive participle
PPFV past perfective
PPP past passive participle
PR proper noun
PREC precative mood (requests) [3]
PRED predicate, predicative [1]
PREP preposition, prepositional case [2]
PRESP present participle
PRET, PRT preterite (= PFV.PST)
PREV preverb [4]
PRF PERF,PF perfect (= RET) [1]
PRIV PRV privative case [3]
PROB probability
PROG progressive aspect [1]
PROH, PROHIB prohibitive mood ('don't!') [1][2]
PROLAT PROL prolative case (= VIA) [3]
PROP propositive mood
PROP, PROPR proprietive case [4][3]
PROS prosecutive case ('across', 'along')
PROSP PRSP prospective aspect [3]
PROT protasis
PROX proximal demonstrative; proximate [1]
PRS PRES present tense [1]
PST past tense [1]
PT patient trigger
PTCL, PTC, PTL,PART particle [4][2]
PUNCT punctual aspect [4][3]
PTV partitive case ('some of')
PURP purposive case [1]
Q question word or particle (= INT) [1]
QU Question/wh-marking [1]
QUANT quantifier [2]
QUOT quotative (quotative case or quotative mood) [1]
R rational gender (thinking beings)
RLS REAL realis mood [3]
RECPST REC recent past tense [3]
RECP REC reciprocal voice [1]
RED reduplication [4]
REF, RFR referential
REFL reflexive (reflexive pronoun, reflexive voice) [1]
REL relative (relativizer) [1]
REM,REMPST remote past tense [4][3]
RPRT REP reported evidential (= HSY); reportative ,[3] cf.[2]
REP repetitive aspect (cf ITER) [3][2]
RES resultative [1]
RES resumptive pronoun
RESP respect [4]
RET Retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions)
ROOT root
S single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf CIT) [1]
SBJ SUB, SUBJ subject (note that SUB and SUBJ are also used for subjunctive mood and thus should be avoided) [1][2]
SBJV SJV, SUB, SUBJ subjunctive mood (note that SUB and SUBJ are also used for subject and should thus be avoided) [1][2]
SE same event (cf SS)
SMLF SEM semelfactive aspect ('once') [3]
SENS sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD) [3]
SEQ sequential [4][3]
SG SING singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3MS) [1]
SGT SGV singulative number, singulative nominal [3]
SIM simultaneous aspect [4][3]
SIM similative
SPEC specifier [2]
SPEC specific [3]
SPEC speculative mood [2]
SS same-subject marker (cf SE) [4][3]
STAT STV stative aspect, stative verb [3]
STEM stem
SUB, SUBR, SUBORD, SBRD, SR subordinator [2][4][3]
SUBESS SUBE subessive case ('under') [3]
SUBL sublative case ('onto', 'down onto')
SUC successive ('then')
SUPL SUP superlative [2]
SUP supine [2]
SUP, SUPL supplicative [2]
SUPESS SUPE, SUPERESS superessive case ('on') ,[3] cf.[2]
-T trigger (used for AT, PT)
TAM tense, aspect, or mood
TEL telic aspect (cf PFV)
TEMP temporal case [2]
TERM terminative case [2]
TF theme focus [4]
TNS tense [2]
TOP topic [1]
TR TRANS transitive verb, transitive case (rare) [1]
TRNSL TRANSL, TRANSLV translative case (becoming) ,[3] cf.[2]
TRL TRI trial number [3]
TRN trans-numeral (neither SG nor PL)
TVF truth-value focus
U uninflected
UH motion uphill, inland (cf UR)
UGR UND undergoer role (cf PAT) [3]
UNSPEC unspecified (argument of relational base) [3]
UR motion upriver (cf UH)
USIT usitative, for usual, customary or typical events
VB V verb or verbal ,[2] cf. VBZ "verbalizer"[3]
VD verb, ditransitive
VEN venitive (coming towards; cf andative) [3]
VER veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional)
VIA vialis case
VIS visible, visual
VI verb, intransitive
VN verbal noun
VOC vocative case [1]
VOL volitive mood
VT verb, transitive
WH.Q wh- question
-Z -(al)izer (e.g. TRZ transitivizer, VBZ verbalizer[3])
ZO zoic gender (animals) [6]

Literature
  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition.
  • Leipzig Glossing Rules
  • Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
  • Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar.
  • Blake, Barry J. (2001) [1994]. Case (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–206.
  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2004. Evidentiality.
  • Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. Argument splits in Finnish grammar and discourse.
  • Bernd Heine, Tania Kuteva. 2006. The changing languages of Europe.
  • Paul Kroeber. 1999. The Salish language family: reconstructing syntax.

References
  1. Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology & the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January, 28, 2010.
  2. The encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1.
  3. Christian Lehmann (2004), Interlinear morphemic glossing, In: Booij, Geert & Lehmann, Christian & Mugdan, Joachim & Skopeteas, Stavros (eds.), Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband. Berlin: W. de Gruyter (Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 17.2), p. 1834-1857, taken from authors draft
  4. The Oxford handbook of linguistic typology. Song, Jae Jung, 1958-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. pp. xvii–xxii. ISBN 978-0-19-928125-1. OCLC 646393860.CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. Hiraiwa, Ken (Feb 2005). Dimensions of Symmetry in Syntax: Agreement and Clausal Architecture (Thesis).
  6. Abbott, Clifford (1984). "Two feminine genders in Oneida". Anthropological Linguistics. 26 (No. 2 (Summer, 1984)): 125–137. JSTOR 30027499.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.