List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)

The main stems of 38 rivers in the United States are at least 500 miles (800 km) long. The main stem is "the primary downstream segment of a river, as contrasted to its tributaries".[1] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines a main-stem segment by listing coordinates for its two end points, called the source and the mouth. Some well-known rivers like the Atchafalaya,[2] Willamette,[3] and Susquehanna[4] are not included in this list because their main stems are shorter than 500 miles.

The Mississippi drainage basin includes the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, the two longest main-stem rivers in the United States, as well as 18 more of the rivers on this list. The Mississippi main stem is highlighted in dark blue.

Seven rivers in this list cross or form international boundaries. Two—the Yukon and Columbia rivers—begin in Canada and flow into the United States. Three—the Milk and Saint Lawrence rivers and the Red River of the North—begin in the United States and flow into Canada. Of these, only the Milk River crosses the international border twice, leaving and then re-entering the United States.[5] Two rivers, the Colorado and the Rio Grande, begin in the United States and flow into or form a border with Mexico.[5] In addition, the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers extend into Canada,[6][7] and the basin of the Gila River extends into Mexico.[8]

Sources report hydrological quantities with varied precision. Biologist and author Ruth Patrick, describing a table of high-discharge U.S. rivers, wrote that data on discharge, drainage area, and length varied widely among authors whose works she consulted. "It seems," she said, "that the wisest course is to regard data tables such as the present one as showing the general ranks of rivers, and not to place too much importance on minor (10–20%) differences in figures."[9]

Table

The primary source for watershed and discharge data in the table below is Rivers of North America. Conflicting data from other sources, if the difference is greater than 10 percent, is reported in the notes. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth.[n 1] In the "States, provinces, and image" column, the superscripts "s" and "m" indicate "source" and "mouth". Non-U.S. states appear in italics. Except in the "States, provinces, and image" column, abbreviations are as follows: "km" for "kilometer", "mi" for "mile", "s" for "second", "m" for "meter", and "ft" for "foot".

Key
River is not entirely within the United States.
Watershed is not entirely within the United States.
Longest main-stem rivers of the United States
# Name Mouth[5] Length Source
coordinates[11]		 Mouth
coordinates[11]		 Watershed
area[12]		 Discharge[12] States, provinces, and image[5][11]
1 Missouri RiverMississippi River2,341 mi
3,768 km[13]		45°55′39″N 111°30′29″W[14]38°48′49″N 90°07′11″W529,353 mi2
1,371,017 km2[15]
[n 2]		69,100 ft3/s
1,956 m3/s
[n 3]		Montanas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missourim
2 Mississippi RiverGulf of Mexico2,202 mi
3,544 km[17]
[n 4]		47°14′22″N 95°12′29″W[18]29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W1,260,000 mi2
3,270,000 km2[19]
[n 5]		650,000 ft3/s
18,400 m3/s		Minnesotas, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisianam
3 Yukon RiverBering Sea1,979 mi
3,190 km[6]
[n 6]		59°35′00″N 133°47′00″W[20]62°35′55″N 164°48′00″W[21]324,000 mi2
839,200 km2[22]
[n 7]		224,000 ft3/s
6,340 m3/s		British Columbias, Yukon Territory, Alaskam
4 Rio GrandeGulf of Mexico1,759 mi
2,830 km[23]
[n 8]		37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W[25]25°57′22″N 97°08′43″W340,000 mi2
870,000 km2[26]
[n 9]		1,300 ft3/s
37 m3/s		Colorados, New Mexico, Texasm, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipasm
5 Colorado RiverGulf of California1,450 mi
2,330 km[16]
[n 10]		40°28′20″N 105°49′34″W[29]31°48′57″N 114°48′22″W[30]248,000 mi2
642,000 km2[10]
[n 11]		1,400 ft3/s
40 m3/s		Colorados, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Sonoram, Baja Californiam
6 Arkansas RiverMississippi River1,443 mi
2,322 km
[n 12]		39°15′30″N 106°20′38″W[32]33°46′30″N 91°04′15″W160,200 mi2
414,910 km2[33]		35,500 ft3/s
1,004 m3/s		Colorados, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansasm
7 Columbia RiverPacific Ocean1,243 mi[6]
2,000 km
[n 13]		50°13′00″N 115°51′00″W[34]46°14′39″N 124°03′29″W[35]279,548 mi2
724,024 km2[36]
[n 14]		273,000 ft3/s
7,730 m3/s		British Columbias, Washingtonm, Oregonm
8 Red RiverAtchafalaya and Mississippi rivers1,125 mi
1,811 km
[n 15]		34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W[40]31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W65,590 mi2
169,890 km2[41]
[n 16]		30,100 ft3/s
852 m3/s
[n 17]		Oklahomas, Texas, Arkansas, Louisianam
9 Snake RiverColumbia River1,040 mi
1,674 km[16]		44°07′49″N 110°13′10″W[42]46°11′10″N 119°01′43″W108,000 mi2
281,000 km2[43]		55,300 ft3/s
1,565 m3/s		Wyomings, Idaho, Oregon, Washingtonm
10 Ohio RiverMississippi River979 mi
1,575 km[44]		40°26′34″N 80°01′02″W[45]36°59′12″N 89°07′50″W204,000 mi2
529,000 km2[46]		308,400 ft3/s
8,733 m3/s		Pennsylvanias, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentuckym
11 Colorado River of TexasGulf of Mexico970 mi
1,560 km[47]		32°40′47″N 101°43′51″W[48]28°35′41″N 95°58′59″W39,900 mi2
103,341 km2[49]		2,600 ft3/s
75 m3/s		Texass, m
12 Tennessee RiverOhio River935 mi
1,504 km[50]		35°57′33″N 83°51′01″W[51]37°04′02″N 88°33′53″W40,880 mi2
105,870 km2[52]		71,000 ft3/s
2,000 m3/s		Tennessees, Alabama, Kentuckym
13 Canadian RiverArkansas River906 mi
1,458 km[16]		37°01′11″N 105°04′33″W[53]35°27′12″N 95°01′58″W47,130 mi2
122,070 km2[54]		6,100 ft3/s
174 m3/s		Colorados, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahomam
14 Brazos RiverGulf of Mexico860 mi
1,390 km[55]		33°16′07″N 100°00′37″W[56]28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W44,620 mi2
115,566 km2[57]		8,800 ft3/s
249 m3/s		Texass, m
15 Green RiverColorado River760 mi
1,230 km[58]		43°09′13″N 109°40′18″W[59]38°11′21″N 109°53′07″W44,900 mi2
116,200 km2[60]		6,100 ft3/s
172 m3/s		Wyomings, Colorado, Utahm
16 Pecos RiverRio Grande730 mi
1,175 km[61]		35°58′34″N 105°33′29″W[62]29°41′59″N 101°22′17″W44,000 mi2
113,960 km2[63]		71 ft3/s
2 m3/s		New Mexicos, Texasm
17 White River (Arkansas)Mississippi River720 mi
1,159 km[64]		35°50′20″N 93°36′16″W[65]33°57′05″N 91°04′53″W27,872 mi2
72,189 km2[66]		34,600 ft3/s
979 m3/s		Arkansass, m, Missouri
18 James River
[n 18]		Missouri River710 mi
1,140 km[67]		47°28′53″N 99°51′32″W[68]42°52′17″N 97°17′26″W20,942 mi2
54,240 km2[69]		854 ft3/s
24.2 m3/s[69]
[n 19]		North Dakotas, South Dakotam
19 Kuskokwim RiverBering Sea702 mi
1,130 km[70]		63°05′16″N 154°38′33″W[71]60°04′59″N 162°20′02″W48,000 mi2
124,319 km2[72]		67,000 ft3s
1,900 m3/s		Alaskas, m
20 Cimarron RiverArkansas River698 mi
1,123 km[73]		36°54′24″N 102°59′12″W[74]36°10′14″N 96°16′19″W19,510 mi2
50,540 km2[75]		1,500 ft3/s
42 m3/s		Oklahomas, m, Colorado, Kansas
21 Cumberland RiverOhio River696 mi
1,120 km[76]		36°50′42″N 83°19′26″W[77]37°08′36″N 88°24′27″W17,930 mi2
46,430 km2[78]		30,400 ft3/s

862 m3/s

Kentuckys, m, Tennessee
22 Yellowstone RiverMissouri River678 mi
1,091 km[79]		43°59′18″N 109°55′45″W[80]47°58′42″N 103°58′56″W70,400 mi2
182,336 km2[81]		12,800 ft3/s
362 m3/s		Wyomings, Montana, North Dakotam
23 North Platte RiverPlatte River665 mi
1,070 km[82]		40°38′23″N 106°24′19″W[83]41°06′50″N 100°40′33″W34,885 mi2
90,352 km2[82]		770 ft3/s
21.9 m3/s		Colorados, Wyoming, Nebraskam
24 Milk RiverMissouri River625 mi
1,005 km[6][n 20]		48°51′20″N 113°01′10″W[85]48°03′26″N 106°19′07″W22,332 mi2
57,839 km2[86]
[n 21]		670 ft3/s
18.9 m3/s		Alberta, Montanas, m
25 Ouachita RiverBlack River605 mi
974 km[87]		31°41′56″N 94°19′57″W[88]31°37′53″N 91°48′25″W24,886 mi2
64,454 km2[89]		29,800 ft3/s
843 m3/s		Arkansass, Louisianam
26 Saint Lawrence RiverGulf of Saint Lawrence600 mi
965 km[90]
[n 22]		44°05′55″N 76°23′28″W[92]49°40′00″N 64°30′00″W[93]620,000 mi2
1,600,000 km2[94]
[n 23]		440,000 ft3/s
12,600 m3/s
[n 24]		New Yorks, Ontarios, Quebecm
27 Gila RiverColorado River600 mi
960 km[95]		33°10′47″N 108°12′22″W[96]32°43′11″N 114°33′19″W57,850 mi2
149,832 km2[97]
[n 25]		210 ft3/s
6 m3/s
[n 26]		New Mexicos, Arizonam
28 Sheyenne RiverRed River of the North591 mi
951 km[98]		47°41′46″N 100°29′52″W[99]47°01′25″N 96°49′31″W8,800 mi2
23,000 km2
[n 27]		288 ft3/s
8.2 m3/s
[n 28]		North Dakotas, m
29 Tanana RiverYukon River584 mi
940 km
[n 29]		63°02′57″N 141°51′52″W[103]65°09′38″N 151°57′37″W44,000 mi2
114,000 km2[104]		41,800 ft3/s
1,185 m3/s		Alaskas, m
30 Smoky Hill RiverKansas River576 mi
927 km[98]		38°57′01″N 102°34′49″W[105]39°03′36″N 96°48′04″W19,260 mi2
49,900 km2
[n 30]		1,542 ft3/s
43.7 m3/s
[n 31]		Colorados, Kansasm
31 Niobrara RiverMissouri River568 mi
914 km[98]		42°49′15″N 104°38′50″W[107]42°45′58″N 98°02′50″W12,600 mi2
32,600 km2[108]		1,700 ft3/s
49 m3/s		Wyomings, Nebraskam
A small river flows through a field of grass and yellow flowers.
32 Little Missouri RiverMissouri River560 mi
900 km[109]		44°32′25″N 104°59′57″W[110]47°36′38″N 102°52′24″W8,310 mi2
21,500 km2[111]
[n 32]		450 ft3/s
13 m3/s[111]
[n 33]		Wyomings, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakotam
33 Sabine RiverGulf of Mexico553 mi
890 km[112]		32°48′29″N 95°55′14″W[113]29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W9,756 mi2
25,268 km2[114]		8,400 ft3/s
238 m3/s		Texass, Louisianam
34 Red River of the NorthLake Winnipeg550 mi
890 km[115]
[n 34]		46°15′52″N 96°35′55″W[117]50°23′47″N 96°48′39″W[118]111,000 mi2
287,500 km2[119]
[n 35]		8,300 ft3/s
236 m3/s		North Dakotas, Minnesotas, Manitobam
35 Des Moines RiverMississippi River525 mi
845 km[120]		44°05′02″N 95°41′17″W[121]41°22′52″N 91°25′21″W12,018 mi2
31,127 km2[122]		6,400 ft3/s
182 m3/s		Minnesotas, Missouri, Iowam
36 White River (Missouri River)Missouri River506 mi
815 km[123]		42°41′10″N 103°50′14″W[124]43°42′50″N 99°28′01″W10,200 mi2
26,418 km2[125]		570 ft3/s
16 m3/s		Nebraskas, South Dakotam
37 Trinity RiverGalveston Bay506 mi
815 km[126]		32°47′54″N 96°53′52″W[127]29°44′35″N 94°42′12″W17,970 mi2
46,540 km2[128]		7,800 ft3/s
222 m3/s		Texass, m
38 Wabash RiverOhio River503 mi
810 km[98]		40°21′07″N 84°45′57″W[129]37°47′53″N 88°01′38″W32,950 mi2
85,340 km2[130]		1,001 ft3/s
28 m3/s		Ohios, Indianam, Illinoism

Map
Map of North America showing all rivers on this list

See also

Notes
  1. Dams, diversions for agriculture, and other human alterations to rivers have greatly affected the discharge of some rivers over time. For example, the virgin discharge of the Colorado River is estimated to have been 20,000 ft3/s (566 m3/s) compared to 1,400 ft3/s (~40 m3/s) in 2005.[10]
  2. Of the total, 10,700 mi2 (28,000 km2), about two percent of the basin, is in Canada.[6][7]
  3. Kammerer: 76,200 ft3/s (2,160 m3/s).[16]
  4. Kammerer: 2,340 mi (3,770 km).[16] The Atlas of Canada: 2,348 mi (3,779 km).[6]
  5. Of the total, 10,700 mi2 (27,800 km2), less than one percent of the basin, is in Canada.[6][7]
  6. Of this total, 714 mi (1,149 km) are in Canada. This amounts to about 36 percent of the main-stem length.[6]
  7. The Atlas of Canada also lists the total basin size at 324,000 mi2 (839,200 km2), split between 125,000 mi2 (323,800 km2), about 39 percent, in Canada and 199,000 mi2 (515,400 km2), about 61 percent, in the United States.[6]
  8. Kammerer: 1,900 mi (3,100 km).[16] University of Texas (UT): 1,799 mi (2,895 km).[24] The river forms the U.S.–Mexico border for 1.251 mi (2,013 km) (about 70 percent of its main-stem length) from El Paso to the Gulf of Mexico.[24]
  9. Rivers of North America says that of this total only about 170,000 mi2 (450,000 km2) of the basin contribute water to the river.[26] The University of Texas (UT) says, "The river collects rain, snowmelt and spring water from an area [of] about 215,338 mi2 [557,722 km2] including closed basins."[24] It says that 87,020 mi2 (225,380 km2) of the basin (about 48 percent), not counting closed basins, are in Mexico, while 93,821 mi2 (242,994 km2) (about 52 percent) are in the United States.[24] Kammerer cites a total basin size of 336,000 mi2 (870,000 km2).[16]
  10. According to the Utah Division of Water Resources, 75 mi (121 km) of the river are in Mexico. This amounts to about 5 percent of the main-stem length.[27] Of this, 17 mi (27 km) form the border between Mexico and the United States.[28]
  11. The United Nations Environment Programme cites a total basin size of 246,000 mi2 (637,000 km2), split between 2,000 mi2 (5,200 km2) (about 1 percent) in Mexico and 244,000 mi2 (632,000 km2) (about 99 percent) in the United States.[28]
  12. Derived by subtracting the length of the East Fork Arkansas River of roughly 16 mi (26 km)[31] from Kammerer's total of 1,459 mi (2,348 km).[16]
  13. About 498 mi (801 km) are in Canada.[6] This amounts to about 40 percent of the main-stem length.
  14. The Atlas of Canada lists the total watershed at 259,200 mi2 (671,300 km2), split between 39,700 mi2 (102,800 km2) (about 15 percent) in Canada and 219,500 mi2 (568,500 km2) (about 85 percent) in the United States.[6] Kammerer's figure for the total watershed is 265,000 mi2 (690,000 km2).[16]
  15. This is the combined length, 1,360 mi (2,190 km),[37] of the main stem, Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, and Tierra Blanca Creek minus the lengths of the latter two, 160 mi (260 km)[38] and 75 mi (121 km).[39] Kammerer gives the length as 1,290 mi (2,080 km).[16]
  16. Kammerer: 93,200 mi2.[16]
  17. Kammerer: 56,000 ft3/s (1,600 m3)[16]
  18. Also known as the Dakota River or Jim River and not to be confused with the James River of Virginia.
  19. This is the average discharge for the years 1982–94, derived by adding the discharge for each of these years and dividing by 13.
  20. According to The Canadian Encyclopedia, a 110-mi (170 km) stretch of the river flows through Canada. This amounts to about 18 percent of the main-stem length.[84]
  21. The Atlas of Canada: 23,600 mi2 (61,200 km2) split between 8,300 mi2 (21,600 km2) (about 35 percent) in Canada and 15,300 mi2 (39,600 km2) (about 65 percent) in the United States.[6]
  22. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a 115-mi (185 km) stretch of the river forms part of the U.S.–Canada border. This amounts to about 19 percent of the main-stem length.[91]
  23. Kammerer: 396,000 mi2 (1,030,000 km2).[16] The Atlas of Canada: 519,000 mi2 (1,344,200 km2), of which 324,000 mi2 (839,200 km2) (about 62 percent) is in Canada and 195,000 mi2 (505,000 km2) (about 38 percent) is in the United States.[6]
  24. Kammerer: 348,000 ft3/s (9,900 m3/s).[16]
  25. Of this total, 232 mi2 (600 km2) (about 0.4 percent) are in the Mexican state of Sonora, and the rest is in the United States.[8]
  26. Rivers of North America describes the discharge as less than 210 ft3/s (6 m3/s.
  27. This is the size of the basin upstream of a stream gauge near Kindred and at river mile 67.9 (river kilometer 109.3).[100]
  28. This is the average flow measured by a stream gauge near Kindred and at river mile 67.9 (river kilometer 109.3).[100]
  29. The main-stem length is calculated by subtracting the length of the Nabesna River from Kammerer's total of 659 mi (1,061 km).[16] The Nabesna River is roughly 75 mi (121 km) long, calculated by adding the 60 mi (97 km) from the Nabesna mouth to Camp Creek[101] to the distance, 15 mi (24 km), from Camp Creek to Nabesna Glacier,[102] Kammerer's most remote source for the Tanana.
  30. Reflects only that part of the basin above a stream gauge at river mile 43.3 (river kilometer 69.7) near Enterprise.[106]
  31. Measured by a stream gauge at river mile 43.3 (river kilometer 69.7) near Enterprise.[106]
  32. This is only a close approximation of the entire basin. It does not include a small fraction of the basin below the river gauge, located about 25 mi (40 km) upstream of the river mouth.
  33. This is the average discharge for the years 1990–2010, derived by adding the discharge for each of these years and dividing by 21.
  34. According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 394 mi (634 km) are in the United States. This amounts to about 72 percent of the main-stem length.[116]
  35. Of the total basin, 53,500 mi2 (138,600 km2) (about 48 percent) are in Canada and 57,500 mi2 (148,900 km2) (about 52 percent) are in the United States.[6]

References
  1. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 1137.
  2. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 236.
  3. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 615.
  4. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 50.
  5. The Road Atlas. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally & Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0-528-93961-7.
  6. "Rivers". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  7. "Missouri River Basin Basic Geography and Natural Features". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  8. McCord, Marc W. "Gila River". Wind Spirit Community. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  9. Patrick 1995, p. 24.
  10. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 527.
  11. The mouth coordinates and source coordinates are from the Geographic Names Information System (United States Geological Survey) or the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base except for the coordinates of the mouth of the Colorado River, derived by geolocating with Google Earth.
  12. From Rivers of North America (ed. Benke and Cushing) unless otherwise noted.
  13. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 432.
  14. "Missouri River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. October 24, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  15. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 469.
  16. Kammerer, J. C. (September 1, 2005). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  17. Benke & Cushing 2005, pp. 237, 331.
  18. "Mississippi River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. June 4, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  19. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 272.
  20. "Atlin Lake (B.C.)". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  21. "Yukon River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. March 31, 1981. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  22. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 796.
  23. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 186.
  24. Patino, Carlos; McKinney, Daene C.; Maidment, David R. "Water Management Information System for the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin". University of Texas Center for Research in Water Resources. Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  25. "Rio Grande". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. March 30, 1979. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  26. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 220.
  27. Anderson, D. Larry (May 2002). "Utah's Perspective: The Colorado River" (PDF). p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  28. Arias, E.; Albar, M.; Parra, I; Reza, M. "Regional Definition" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  29. "Colorado River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. February 8, 1980. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  30. Derived via Google Earth
  31. Colorado Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). DeLorme. 1998. § 47–48. ISBN 978-0-89933-265-9.
  32. "Arkansas River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1979. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  33. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 315.
  34. "Columbia Lake". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
  35. "Columbia River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  36. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 646.
  37. Kleiner, Diana J. "Handbook of Texas: Red River". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  38. "Handbook of Texas: Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  39. "Handbook of Texas: Tierra Blanca Creek". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
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  41. Benke & Cushing 2005, p. 317.
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Works cited
  • Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
  • Patrick, Ruth (1995). Rivers of the United States: Volume II: Chemical and Physical Characteristics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-471-10752-1.

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