List of nuclear power accidents by country

Worldwide, many nuclear accidents and serious incidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Two thirds of these mishaps occurred in the US.[1] The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has concluded that technical innovation cannot eliminate the risk of human errors in nuclear plant operation.

Deceased liquidators' portraits used for an anti-nuclear power protest in Geneva

The abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine, with the accidental Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the distance

Nuclear safety

The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly.[2] Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an unexpected large earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake.[3] According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety.[4] Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.[2] An interdisciplinary team from MIT has estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005–2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period.[1][5]

Overview

Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages. Property damage costs include destruction of property, emergency response, environmental remediation, evacuation, lost product, fines, and court claims.[6] Because nuclear power plants are large and complex, accidents on site tend to be relatively expensive.[7]

The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania was caused by a series of failures in secondary systems at the reactor, which allowed radioactive steam to escape and resulted in the partial core meltdown of one of two reactors at the site, making it the most significant accident in U.S. history.[8]

The world's worst nuclear accident has been the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union, one of two accidents that has been rated as a level 7 (the highest) event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.[9] Note that the Chernobyl disaster may have scored an 8 or 9, if the scale continued. The accident occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after an unsafe systems test led to a series of steam explosions that destroyed reactor number four. The plume spread in the near distance primarily over Belarus and after that covered extensive portions of Europe with traces of radioactivity, leaving reindeer in Northern Europe and sheep in portions of England unfit for human consumption. A 30 kilometres (19 mi) "Zone of alienation" has been formed around the reactor.[10]

At least 57 accidents and severe incidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and over 56 severe incidents have occurred in the USA. Relatively few accidents have involved fatalities.[6]

Note that not all ratings are final as Cancer and Uncounted/Hidden results may have/will occur.

Belgium

This list is incomplete. See also Laka Foundation's list of recent nuclear and radiological incidents in Belgium.[11]

**Nuclear power accidents in Belgium[11]**
Date	Location	Description	INES rating
2002	Tihange, Belgium	"Safety injection during hot shutdown at Tihange 2 unit".[12][13]	2
2005	Tihange, Belgium	"Inadequate protection relays and related setpoints".[14][11]	2
2006	Fleurus, Belgium	"Severe health effects for a worker at a commercial irradiation facility as a result of high doses of radiation".[15]	4
2008	Fleurus, Belgium	Iodine-131 release in the environment.[16]	3
2011	Doel, Belgium	"Inadequate setting of the auxiliary feedwater turbopump".[17]	2

Canada

**Nuclear power accidents in Canada**[18][19]
Date	Location	Description	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
December 12, 1952	CRL, Ontario, Canada	The NRX accident. A hydrogen explosion occurred in the reactor core due to a cascade of malfunctions and operator errors. The world's first major nuclear reactor accident.[20]	See NRX accident	5[21][22]
May 24, 1958	CRL, Ontario, Canada	The NRU accident. A fuel rod caught fire and broke when removed, then dispersed fission products and alpha-emitting particles in the reactor building.	See NRU accident.
November 1978	WR-1 Reactor at Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. 2,739 litres of coolant oil leaked, most of it into the Winnipeg River. The repair took several weeks for workers to complete.[23]	Unknown
August 1, 1983	Pickering nuclear Reactor 2, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. Pressure tube, that holds the fuel bundles, ruptured due to hydriding. All four reactors re-tubed with new materials (Zr-2.5%Nb) over ten years.[24]	1 billion Canadian dollars (1983-1993).[25]
March 1986	Bruce nuclear Reactor 2, Bruce County, Ontario, Canada	LOCA Loss of coolant accident. Pressure tube rupture during pressurizing test (reactor shut down). Pressure tube holds the fuel bundles.[26]	Unknown
August 2, 1992	Pickering nuclear Reactor 1, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	A Heavy water leak of 2300 trillion becquerels of radioactive tritium into Lake Ontario, resulting in increased levels of tritium in Toronto drinking water .[27]	Unknown.
December 10, 1994	Pickering nuclear Reactor 2, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. A spill of 185 tonnes of heavy water. The Emergency Core Cooling System was used to prevent a meltdown.[28]	Unknown.	2[29]
June 11, 2002	Bruce nuclear Reactor 6, Bruce B station. Bruce County, Ontario, Canada	Pressure tube and calandria tube damage during a channel maintenance procedure, required replacement of the two tubes.[26]	Unknown	0[29]
December 21, 2009	Darlington nuclear station. Clarington, Ontario, Canada	Around 200,000 litres of water with trace amounts of radioactive isotope tritium coming from a storage tank mistakenly were released by workers into Lake Ontario, representing 0.1% of the monthly allowed amounts of tritium for this power plant.[30][31]	Unknown.
March 14, 2011	Pickering nuclear Plant A Pickering, Ontario, Canada	A leak of 73 cubic metres (73,000 litres) of demineralized water into Lake Ontario from a failed pump seal. There was negligible risk to the public according to the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission.[32][33]	Unknown.

France

**Nuclear power accidents in France**[7][34]
Date	Location	Description	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
17 Oct 1969	Loir-et-Cher, France	50 kg of uranium dioxide melted inside of the A1 nuclear reactor of Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux, during a refueling operation	Unknown (likely far less than the 13 Mar 1980 accident)	4
25 Jul 1979	Saclay, France	Radioactive fluids escaped into drains designed for ordinary wastes, seeping into the local watershed at the Saclay BL3 Reactor	5
13 Mar 1980	Loir-et-Cher, France	A malfunctioning cooling system fused fuel elements together at the Saint Laurent A2 reactor, melting two fuel assemblys and forcing an extended shutdown	22	4
14 Apr 1984	Bugey, France	Electrical cables failed at the command center of the Bugey Nuclear Power Plant and forced a complete shutdown of one reactor	2
21 May 1986	Normandy, France	Pipe maintenance at the fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague released a radioactive solution to which three welders and two plant workers were exposed.[35]	5
27 Dec 1999	Blayais, France	An unexpectedly strong storm flooded the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant, forcing an emergency shutdown after injection pumps and containment safety systems failed from water damage	55	2
21 Jan 2002	Manche, France	Control systems and safety valves failed after improper installation of condensers, forcing a two-month shutdown	102
16 May 2004	Cattenom-2, Lorraine, France	Sub-standard electrical cable trays at the Cattenom-2 nuclear reactor caused a fire in an electricity tunnel, damaging many safety system cables [36]	12	1
13 Jul 2008	Tricastin, France	Dozens of litres (thirty cubic meters[37]) of wastewater contaminated with uranium were accidentally poured on the ground and runoff into a nearby river	7	1
9 Aug 2009	Gravelines, France	Assembly system failed to properly eject spent fuel rods from the Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant, causing the fuel rods to jam and the defueling operation to be suspended	2	1
5 Apr 2012	Penly, France	Fire on a primary pump of the second reactor, followed by a small radioactive leak into the containment	?	1
2017	France, generic	20 reactors of the 1300 MW-class with seismic weaknesses on their emergency diesel generators	?	2

Germany

**Nuclear power accidents in Germany**[7][34]
Date	Location	Description	Cost (in millions 2006 US$ million)	INES
1975	Greifswald, East Germany	A near core meltdown at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant: Three out of six cooling water pumps were switched off for a failed test. A fourth pump broke down by loss of electric power and control of the reactor was lost. 10 fuel elements were slightly damaged before recovery	?	3
4 May 1986	Hamm-Uentrop, Germany	Operator actions to dislodge damaged fuel elements at the Thorium high-temperature reactor released radioactivity to 4 km² surrounding the facility	267	?
17 Dec 1987	Hessen, Germany	Stop valve failed for a moment at Biblis Nuclear Power Plant; contamination of local area in the reactor building	13

India

**Nuclear power accidents in India**[7][34]
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
4 May 1987	Kalpakkam, India	Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam refuelling accident that ruptures the reactor core, resulting in a two-year shutdown	0 direct and 6 indirect	300
10 Sep 1989	Tarapur, Maharashtra, India	Operators at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station find that the reactor had been leaking radioactive iodine at more than 700 times normal levels. Repairs to the reactor take more than a year	0	78
13 May 1992	Tarapur, Maharashtra, India	A malfunctioning tube causes the Tarapur Atomic Power Station to release 12 curies of radioactivity	0	2
31 Mar 1993	Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India	The Narora Atomic Power Station suffers a fire at two of its steam turbine blades, damaging the heavy water reactor and almost leading to a meltdown	0	220
2 Feb 1995	Kota, Rajasthan, India	The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station leaks radioactive helium and heavy water into the Rana Pratap Sagar River, necessitating a two-year shutdown for repairs	N/A	280
22 Oct 2002	Kalpakkam, India	Almost 100 kg radioactive sodium at the fast breeder reactor leaks into a purification cabin, ruining a number of valves and operating systems	0	30

Japan

**Nuclear power accidents in Japan**
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
8 Jan 1975	Mihama, Japan	Radioactivity released from Mihama nuclear power plant.[38]	0
2 Nov 1978	Fukushima No I, Japan	Japan's first criticality accident at No 3 reactor, this accident was hidden for 29 years and reported on 22 Mar 2007	0
2 Apr 1979	Tokaimura, Japan	Two workers suffer radioactive contamination at the Tokaimura complex.[38]	0
24–28 Jan 1981	Tsuruga, Japan	29 workers were exposed to radiation.[39]	0
8 Mar 1981	Tsuruga, Japan	56 workers were exposed to about 45 tonnes of radioactive waste which spilled from storage tanks at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant. The waste was cleaned up with buckets and mops,[40][41] and was also discharged into Tsuruga Bay via the town sewer.[39] At the time, the plant had recorded 30 malfunctions since it was commissioned in 1970.[42]	0
31 Aug 1985	Fukushima, Japan	Fire at Fukushima nuclear power plant during routine shutdown.[38]	0
23 Jun 1986	Tokaimura, Japan	Twelve people suffer "slight" plutonium contamination while inspecting a storeroom.[38]	0
8 Feb 1991	Fukui, Japan	Radioactivity was released from Mihama nuclear power plant after an emergency release valve failed.[38] Officials said the release "did not pose a threat to humans or the environment."[43]	0
22 Feb 1993	Fukushima, Japan	High-pressure steam accident kills one worker and injures two others.[38]	1
December 1995	Tsuruga, Japan	The fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak.[40] State-run operator Donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor.[44]	0
11 March 1997	Tokaimura, Japan	The Tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. Donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire.[40][44]	0
18 Jun 1999	Shika, Japan	Wrong handling of some control rods set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction.[40]	0		2
30 Sept 1999	Tokaimura, Japan	The criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility.[40] Hundreds of people were exposed to radiation and two workers later died. This is not a nuclear power plant accident, however.[44]	2		4
2002	Onagawa, Japan	Two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire.[44]	0
9 Aug 2004	Mihama, Japan	A main piping burst in the turbine building of the Mihama-3 station and killed persons present there; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in Japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program.[45]	5		1
2006	Fukushima No1, Japan	A small amount of radioactive steam was released at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant and it escaped the compound.[44]	0
16 Jul 2007	Kashiwazaki, Japan	A severe earthquake (measuring 6.8 on the Richter magnitude scale) hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the Sea of Japan; as of March 2009, all of the reactors remained shut down for damage verification and repairs. The plant with seven units is the largest single nuclear power station in the world, which now again is shut down due to the Fukushima accident.[45]	0		1
Dec 2009	Hamaoka, Japan	Leakage accident of radioactive water. 34 workers were exposed to radiation	0
Mar 2011	Fukushima Dai-ichi, Japan	The world's second INES 7 accident. A magnitude 9.0 earthquake and associated tsunami triggered cooling problems at Fukushima 1 & 2 stations with several reactors. Loss of coolant resulted in meltdowns in three units and hydrogen explosions caused their structural damage. Radioactive steam was released into the atmosphere, and highly radioactive water spilled into the ocean through utility trenches. Some immediate injuries resulted. 117 workers received committed effective doses above 100 mSv, and 6 workers received doses above the emergency dose limit of 250 mSv.[46]	2+;[47] further near 573 died from indirect causes[48]	1,200 - 2,100	7
6 June 2017	Ibaraki Prefecture	The incident occurred at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency's Oarai Research and Development Center, after a bag containing radioactive material tore open while a check on radioactive storage inside a "controlled" room was performed. It resulted in internal radiation exposure in five workers, with one of them inhaling plutonium. However, no radiation was detected in the external environment.[49][50]	0

Pakistan

**Nuclear power accidents in Pakistan**[51]
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
18 October 2011	Karachi, Pakistan	The KANUPP Karachi nuclear power plant imposed a seven-hour emergency after heavy water leaked from a feeder pipe to the reactor. The leakage took place during a routine maintenance shut down, and the emergency was lifted seven hours later, after the affected area was isolated.[51]	0	N/A

Russia

**Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation**
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES
1957	Mayak reprocessing plant, Ural-region	Kyshtym disaster: Explosion in a waste tank of the plant with a massive radioactive cloud, deteriorating deeply the health of the region's population	The accident caused nearly 200 late cancer fatalities[52]	?	6
1975	Leningrad, Soviet union	Reactor 1 of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant suffered a core damage which released radioactivity.	0	?	4
1992	Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation	An RBMK reactor of the Leningrad NPP released radioactivity which traveled over north-eastern Europe. Russian officials declared that they saw no immediate danger posed by the event.[53]	0	?	2
1997	Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation	Worker Sergei Kharitonov revealed photographs of cracked walls and groundwater seepage at a nuclear power plant waste storage facility. He also revealed that the plant has been dumping 300 litres of contaminated water into the Gulf of Finland annually "for years".[53]	0	N/A
April 1998	Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation	An RBMK reactor was shut down following the discovery of a radiation leak.[53]
Autumn 2017	Ural-region, Russian Federation	Roshydromet had issued report stated rise in beta activity of aerosoles and surfaces at all monitoring posts in South Ural from 25th Sep to 1 Oct 2017. In two aerosol samples Ru-106 activity increase was detected. At 26th and 27th Sep Ru-106 decay products was detected in Tatarstan republic. At 27th and 28th Sep high pollution levels of aerosoles and surfaces was detected in Volgograd and Rostov-on-Don. In two aerosol samples from Chelyabinsk Oblast 986- and 440-fold activity increase was measured comparing to preceding month[54] The Mayak nuclear plant is widely suspected as the source of the radiation.[55]
August 2019	Arkhangelsk region	On August 9, 2019 an explosion triggered radiation levels to rise near Nyonoksa, which was later confirmed by Russia's nuclear energy agency as an accident while testing an isotope power source for a liquid-fuelled rocket engine. Five nuclear scientists had died and three suffered from burns. Russian authorities ordered the evacuation of the village nearing the blast site, suggesting grave dangers due to nuclear radiation.[56]	5

South Korea

**Nuclear power accidents in South Korea**[57]
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
4 October 1999	Wolsung, South Korea	22 workers employed by the Korea Electric Power Corp were exposed to radioactive liquid and gas at the Wolsung-3 reactor. Two workers were initially exposed when approximately 12 gallons of heavy water leaked during pipe maintenance. A further 20 workers were exposed during clean-up operations.[57]

Switzerland

**Nuclear power accidents in Switzerland**
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost	INES
January 1969	Lucens, Switzerland	Melting of a fuel element of the protoptype power reactor (6 Megawatts el.) VAK Lucens	0	?	4

Taiwan

**Nuclear power accidents in Taiwan**
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost	INES
March 2001	Maanshan, South Taiwan	2-hour-Station Blackout in one of the two units of Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant due to a grounding fault (Common cause failure) to the two available emergency diesel buses	0	?	3

Ukraine

**Nuclear power accidents in Ukraine**[7][34]
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES
26 Apr 1986	Pripyat, Ukraine, USSR	Steam explosion and meltdown (see Chernobyl disaster) necessitating the evacuation of 100,000 people from the region and dispersing radioactive material across Europe (see Effects of the Chernobyl disaster)	Around 50 directly (radiation sickness), eventually as many as 4000 (mainly cancers)[58]	6700	7
October 1999	Pripyat, Ukraine	Metal structures broke, causing a gamma ray source to fall out of its container and expose two workers to "high" levels of radiation. The reactor was subsequently shut down until November.[53]

United Kingdom

**Nuclear accidents in the UK**[7][34]
Date	Location	Description	Victims	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
Spring, 1957	Windscale (now Sellafield), UK	Radioactivity release from a military reactor contaminated about 800 farms and introduced strontium 90 to domestic milk supply. Milk was sold to the public without any warnings.[59]
8 Oct 1957	Windscale/Sellafield, UK	Fire ignited plutonium piles of a military reactor, contaminating surrounding dairy farms with radioactive releases of mainly iodine and in lesser amounts cesium and strontium.[59][60]	The two accidents of 1957 caused around 240 cancers[61]	78	5
May 1967	Scotland, United Kingdom	Melting of fuel element at Dumfries and Galloway. Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire at the Chapelcross nuclear power station. Contamination was confined to the reactor core. The core was repaired and restarted in 1969, operating until the plant's shutdown in 2004.[62][63]
May 1977	Dounreay, Scotland, UK	A hydrogen explosion at the plant caused by a reaction of potassium and sodium. This furthermore resulted in a concrete slab being destroyed, and the debris being scattered around the facility.
Sep 1996	Dounreay, Scotland, UK	A fuel reprocessing plant was shut down after elevated radiation levels were detected in waste-water discharged to the sea.[64]
Feb 1998	Sellafield, UK	Two workers exposed to radiation due to a leak from a damaged bag containing a nuclear filter.[65]
19 Apr 2005	Sellafield, UK	20 tonnes uranium and 160 kg plutonium leak from a cracked pipe at the THORP nuclear fuel reprocessing plant	0	65	3[66]
July until November and further on 2019/2020	Sellafield, UK	Loss of radioactive liquid into the ground from a waste silo which contains cladding materials from the closed old Magnox reactors. Thereby, limits are surpassed. Cleanup-measures are on the way.[67]	0	?	2

United States

**Nuclear power accidents in USA**
Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES
November 29, 1955	Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA	Power excursion with partial core meltdown at National Reactor Testing Station's EBR-1 Experimental Breeder Reactor I	0	5
July 26, 1959	Simi Valley, California, USA	Partial core meltdown at Santa Susana Field Laboratory’s Sodium Reactor Experiment	0	32
January 3, 1961	Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA	Explosion at National Reactor Testing Station's SL-1 Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One	3	22	4
October 5, 1966	Monroe, Michigan, USA	Sodium cooling system malfunctions at Enrico Fermi demonstration breeder reactor causing some fuel elements to melt	0	19	4
August 11, 1973	Palisades, Michigan, USA	Steam generator leak causes manual shutdown of pressurized water reactor	0	10
March 22, 1975	Browns Ferry, Alabama, USA	Fire burns for seven hours and damages more than 1600 control cables for one of the three nuclear reactors at Browns Ferry, disabling core cooling systems	0	240	3
November 5, 1975	Brownsville, Nebraska, USA	Hydrogen gas explosion damages the Cooper Nuclear Station’s auxiliary building	0	13
June 10, 1977	Waterford, Connecticut, USA	Hydrogen gas explosion damages three buildings and forces shutdown of Millstone-1 Boiling Water Reactor	0	15
February 4, 1979	Surry, Virginia, USA	Surry Unit 2 shut down in response to failing tube bundles in steam generators	0	12
March 28, 1979	Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA	Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown, see Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects	0	2,400	5
October 17, 1981	Buchanan, New York, USA	100,000 gallons of Hudson River water leaked into the Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2 containment building from the fan cooling unit, undetected by a safety device designed to detect hot water. The flooding, covering the first 9 feet of the reactor vessel, was discovered when technicians entered the building. Two pumps which should have removed the water were found to be inoperative. NRC proposed a $210,000 fine for the incident.[68]	0
January 25, 1982	Rochester, New York, USA	Steam generator-leak at the Ginna Nuclear Generating Station causes extensive injection of the high pressure emergency core cooling system	0	?
March 20, 1982	Lycoming, New York, USA	Recirculation system piping fails at Nine Mile Point Unit 1, forcing two year shutdown	0	45
March 25, 1982	Buchanan, New York, USA	Damage to steam generator tubes and main generator resulting in a shut down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 for more than a year	0	56
June 18, 1982	Senaca, South Carolina, USA	Feedwater heat extraction line fails at Oconee 2 Pressurised Water Reactor, damaging thermal cooling system	0	10
February 12, 1983	Forked River, New Jersey, USA	Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Plant fails safety inspection, forced to shut down for repairs	0	32
February 26, 1983	Fort Pierce, Florida, USA	Damaged thermal shield and core barrel support at St Lucie Unit 1, necessitating 13-month shutdown	0	54
September 15, 1984	Athens, Alabama, USA	Safety violations, operator error, and design problems force six year outage at Browns Ferry Unit 2	0	110
March 9, 1985	Athens, Alabama, USA	Instrumentation systems malfunction during start-up, which led to suspension of operations at all three Browns Ferry Units	0	1,830
April 11, 1986	Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA	Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston Edison's Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant	0	1,001
1986	Surry, Virginia, USA	Broken Feedwater pipe at Surry Nuclear Power Plant kills 4	4	?
March 31, 1987	Delta, Pennsylvania, USA	Peach Bottom units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems	0	400
December 19, 1987	Lycoming, New York, USA	Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down Nine Mile Point Unit 1	0	150
September 10, 1988	Surry, Virginia, USA	Refuelling cavity seal fails and destroys internal pipe system at Surry Unit 2, forcing 12-month outage	0	9
March 5, 1989	Tonopah, Arizona, USA	Atmospheric dump valves fail at Palo Verde Unit 1, leading to main transformer fire and emergency shutdown	0	14
March 17, 1989	Lusby, Maryland, USA	Inspections at Calvert Cliff Units 1 and 2 reveal cracks at pressurized heater sleeves, forcing extended shutdowns	0	120
November 17, 1991	Scriba, New York, USA	Safety and fire problems force shut down of the FitzPatrick nuclear reactor for 13 months	0	5
April 21, 1992	Southport, North Carolina, USA	NRC forces shut down of Brunswick Units 1 and 2 after emergency diesel generators fail	0	2
February 3, 1993	Bay City, Texas, USA	Auxiliary feed-water pumps fail at South Texas Project Units 1 and 2, prompting rapid shutdown of both reactors	0	3
February 27, 1993	Buchanan, New York, USA	New York Power Authority shuts down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 after AMSAC system fails	0	2
March 2, 1993	Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee, USA	Equipment failures and broken pipes cause shut down of Sequoyah Unit 1	0	3
December 25, 1993	Newport, Michigan, USA	Shut down of Fermi Unit 2 after main turbine experienced major failure due to improper maintenance	0	67
14 January 1995	Wiscasset, Maine, USA	Steam generator tubes unexpectedly crack at Maine Yankee nuclear reactor; shut down of the facility for a year	0	62
May 16, 1995	Salem, New Jersey, USA	Ventilation systems fail at Salem Units 1 and 2	0	34
February 20, 1996	Connecticut, USA	Leaking valve forces shutdown Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, multiple equipment failures found	0	254
September 2, 1996	Crystal River, Florida, USA	Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive repairs at Crystal River Unit 3	0	384
September 5, 1996	Clinton, Illinois, USA	Reactor recirculation pump fails, prompting shut down of Clinton boiling water reactor	0	38
September 20, 1996	Senaca, Illinois, USA	Service water system fails and results in closure of LaSalle Units 1 and 2 for more than 2 years	0	71
September 9, 1997	Bridgman, Michigan, USA	Ice condenser containment systems fail at Cook Units 1 and 2	0	11
May 25, 1999	Waterford, Connecticut, USA	Steam leak in feed-water heater causes manual shutdown and damage to control board annunciator at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant	0	7
September 29, 1999	Lower Alloways Creek, New Jersey, USA	Major Freon leak at Hope Creek Nuclear Facility causes ventilation train chiller to trip, releasing toxic gas and damaging the cooling system	0	2
February 16, 2002	Oak Harbor, Ohio, USA	Severe corrosion of control rod drives in the reactor head forces 24-month outage of Davis-Besse reactor	0	143
January 15, 2003	Bridgman, Michigan, USA	A fault in the main transformer at the Donald C. Cook nuclear power plant causes a fire that damages the main generator and back-up turbines	0	10
June 16, 2005	Braidwood, Illinois, USA	Exelon's Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station leaks tritium and contaminates local water supplies	0	41
August 4, 2005	Buchanan, New York, USA	Entergy's Indian Point Energy Center Nuclear Plant leaks tritium and strontium into underground lakes from 1974 to 2005		30
March 6, 2006	Erwin, Tennessee, USA	Nuclear fuel services plant spills 35 litres of highly enriched uranium, necessitating 7-month shutdown	0	98
November 21, 2009	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA	Twelve workers were contaminated after radioactive dust was mobilized at the Three Mile Island plant during pipe maintenance works.[69]	0
January 7, 2010	Buchanan, New York, USA	NRC inspectors reported that an estimated 600,000 gallons of mildly radioactive steam was intentionally vented after an automatic shutdown of Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2. The levels of tritium in the steam were below those allowable by NRC safety standards.[70]	0	0
February 1, 2010	Vernon, Vermont, USA	Deteriorating underground pipes from the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies	0	700
August 2011	Louisa county, Virginia, USA	A 5.8-earthquake in the region caused the loss of offsite power at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station. Later in the incident, the plant lost an emergency diesel generator, leading to the activation of the so-called SBO diesel generator - an emergency situation.	0	?	2
January 2014	St. Lucie, Florida, USA	Flooding of the auxiliary building of the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, caused by lacking proper flood barriers[71]	0	?
July 2016	Michigan, USA	Massive steam leak in the turbine building of Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, unit 2	0	?
December 2019	Nebraska, USA	One of the two safety related component cooling systems of Cooper Nuclear Station was unable to operate, because its service water system, that takes water from the river, was plugged with silt.[72]	0	?

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"Laka foundation: INES 2 - Inadequate protection relays and related setpoints – Location: TIHANGE-2, event date: Mon, 04-07-2005". Stichting Laka. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale" (PDF). IAEA and OECD. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"Laka foundation: INES 3 - Iodine-131 release in the environment – Location: IRE-Fleurus, Event date: Mon, 25-08-2008". Laka Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"Laka foundation: INES 2 - Inadequate setting of the auxiliary feedwater turbopump – Location: DOEL-4, event date: Fri, 18-03-2011". Stichting Laka. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"Radiation spill at Point Lepreau nuclear plant probed". CBC news. December 13, 2011.
"Nuclear emergency planning at Canada's power plants". CBC news. March 14, 2011.
MacLeod, Ian (December 15, 2011). "Chalk River's toxic legacy". Ottawa Citizen.
"Nuclear accidents - and how they're ranked". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
Rogers, Simon (2011-03-14). "Nuclear power plant accidents: listed and ranked since 1952". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
Taylor, Dave (24 March 2011). "Manitoba's forgotten nuclear accident". Retrieved 23 April 2019 – via www.winnipegfreepress.com.
"Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 8 and 24. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
""Canada's Nuclear Reactors: How much safety is enough?" Page 4(or page 11 of 51) "Tube rupture"" (PDF). sencanada.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 24. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
"Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 8. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
""Pickering A Shutdown and Rehabilitation: A Brief History" page 4 (or page 11 of 51)" (PDF). sencanada.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Laka foundation - Nuclear and radiological incidents: Canada". Laka Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
"Nuclear plant spills tritium into lake - The Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Leak from Darlington". The Star. Dec 22, 2009.
Pickering Nuclear plant reports water leak, CBC News, March 16 2011
"Pickering nuclear plant reports water leak". CBC news. March 16, 2011.
Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393–400.
"Nuclear accident exposes workers at French plant". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 1986-05-21. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
nucléaire, Autorité de sûreté. "- ASN". www.asn.fr. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Factbox: A brief history of French nuclear accidents". Reuters. September 12, 2011.
"Japan's nuclear woes". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. 1997-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
"Japanese nuclear plant admits to leaking wastes". Tyrone Daily Herald. 1981-04-29. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 380.
"Nuclear accident in Japan may lead to indictment of executives". San Bernardino County Sun. 1981-02-22. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
"Japanese Nuke". Tyrone Daily Herald. 1981-04-21. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
"Faulty valve blamed in Japan nuclear leak". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 1991-02-13. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
"A look at Japan's history of nuclear power trouble". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. March 17, 2011.
The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine p. 23.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (October 2014), UNSCEAR 2013 Report – Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami (PDF), New York: United Nations, ISBN 978-92-1-056501-1
New York Times-article, see also Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
"Number of deaths from the Fukushima nuclear disaster". Our World in Data. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Severity of June nuclear accident rated level 2 by Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority". The Japan Times Online. 2017-08-02. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
"Recent Japanese radiation mishap deemed level 2 incident". Reuters. 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Aziz, Faisal (October 20, 2011). "Leak at Pakistani nuclear plant, but no damage". reuters.com. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
Source: www.history.com
Anderson, Jack; Kohn, Douglas (1999-10-11). "More nuclear disasters likely". Standard-Speaker. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Об аварийном, экстремально высоком и высоком загрязнении окружающей среды на территории Российской Федерации в период с 6 по 13 октября 2017 года (Report) (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Luxmoore, Matthew; Cowell, Alan. "Russia, in Reversal, Confirms Radiation Spike". New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
"Russia rocket blast involved nuclear staff". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
"Workers exposed to radiation at South Korean nuclear plant". The Kokomo Tribune. 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
"The international experts have estimated that radiation could cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobyl populations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986–1987, evacuees and residents of the most contaminated areas". – World Health Organization. Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident 5 September 2005.
"Info withheld on nuclear accident, papers show". The Index-Journal. Greenwood, South Carolina. 1989-01-03. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
First study after the accident
www.history.com
"Imagine a world without nuclear power... - Wise International". www.wiseinternational.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-04-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"British nuke plant closed". Standard-Speaker. Hazelton, Pennsylvania. 1996-10-01. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
"Leak contaminates British workers". Standard-Speaker. Hazelton, Pennsylvania. 1998-02-02. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
"Archived copy of UK HSE investigation report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Government info
Perrow, Charles Normal Accidents (New York: Basic Books 1984) ISBN 0-465-05142-1 pp. 45–46
Levy, Marc (2009-11-24). "Pipe-cutting lead to radiation at nuke plant". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Luby, Abby (January 7, 2010). "Nuclear steam leak intentional: Response to Indian Point plant shutdown". Daily News. New York.
Allthingsnuclear.org
News release of the NRC- website

External links

The Worst Nuclear Disasters TIME magazine
U.S. Nuclear Accidents Compiled by allen lutins
"The world's worst nuclear power disasters". Power Technology. 7 October 2013.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[sovsing-1] Sovacool, Benjamin K. (January 2011). "Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" (PDF). National University of Singapore. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-16.

[globen-2] Jacobson, Mark Z. & Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). "Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" (PDF). Energy Policy. p. 6.

[3] Gusterson, Hugh (16 March 2011). "The lessons of Fukushima". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013.

[4] Paton, James (April 4, 2011). "Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says". Bloomberg Businessweek.

[5] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). "The Future of Nuclear Power" (PDF). p. 48.

[critev-6] Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 379–380.

[bksaccident-7] Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). The Accidental Century – Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years Archived 2012-08-21 at the Wayback Machine

[8] Stencel, Mark. "A Nuclear Nightmare in Pennsylvania", The Washington Post, March 27, 1999. Accessed July 5, 2010.

[9] "International Nuclear Event Scale Enhances Public Communications" Archived 2008-10-24 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Nuclear Energy Institute. Accessed July 5, 2010.

[10] Mulvey, Steve. "Chernobyl diary – Part One", BBC News, April 4, 2006. Accessed July 5, 2010.

[:5-11] "Laka foundation - Nuclear and radiological incidents: Belgium". Laka Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[12] "Laka foundation: INES 2 - Safety injection during hot shutdown at Tihange 2 unit – Location: TIHANGE-2, Event date: Fri, 22-11-2002". Stichting Laka. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[13] "Serious incident vindicates Belgian nuclear phaseout | Wise International". wiseinternational.org. Incident at Tihange. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[14] "Laka foundation: INES 2 - Inadequate protection relays and related setpoints – Location: TIHANGE-2, event date: Mon, 04-07-2005". Stichting Laka. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[15] "The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale" (PDF). IAEA and OECD. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[16] "Laka foundation: INES 3 - Iodine-131 release in the environment – Location: IRE-Fleurus, Event date: Mon, 25-08-2008". Laka Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[17] "Laka foundation: INES 2 - Inadequate setting of the auxiliary feedwater turbopump – Location: DOEL-4, event date: Fri, 18-03-2011". Stichting Laka. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[18] "Radiation spill at Point Lepreau nuclear plant probed". CBC news. December 13, 2011.

[19] "Nuclear emergency planning at Canada's power plants". CBC news. March 14, 2011.

[20] MacLeod, Ian (December 15, 2011). "Chalk River's toxic legacy". Ottawa Citizen.

[21] "Nuclear accidents - and how they're ranked". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[22] Rogers, Simon (2011-03-14). "Nuclear power plant accidents: listed and ranked since 1952". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[23] Taylor, Dave (24 March 2011). "Manitoba's forgotten nuclear accident". Retrieved 23 April 2019 – via www.winnipegfreepress.com.

[24] "Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 8 and 24. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[25] ""Canada's Nuclear Reactors: How much safety is enough?" Page 4(or page 11 of 51) "Tube rupture"" (PDF). sencanada.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

[pubs.pembina.org-26] "Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 24. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[27] "Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 8. Archived" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[28] ""Pickering A Shutdown and Rehabilitation: A Brief History" page 4 (or page 11 of 51)" (PDF). sencanada.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

[:6-29] "Laka foundation - Nuclear and radiological incidents: Canada". Laka Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

[30] "Nuclear plant spills tritium into lake - The Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

[31] "Leak from Darlington". The Star. Dec 22, 2009.

[32] Pickering Nuclear plant reports water leak, CBC News, March 16 2011

[33] "Pickering nuclear plant reports water leak". CBC news. March 16, 2011.

[bsnuke-34] Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393–400.

[35] "Nuclear accident exposes workers at French plant". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 1986-05-21. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[ASN94986-36] ucléaire, Autorité de sûreté. "- ASN". www.asn.fr. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

[37] "Factbox: A brief history of French nuclear accidents". Reuters. September 12, 2011.

[:1-38] "Japan's nuclear woes". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. 1997-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[:4-39] "Japanese nuclear plant admits to leaking wastes". Tyrone Daily Herald. 1981-04-29. Retrieved 2015-03-11.

[bks-40] Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 380.

[41] "Nuclear accident in Japan may lead to indictment of executives". San Bernardino County Sun. 1981-02-22. Retrieved 2015-03-11.

[42] "Japanese Nuke". Tyrone Daily Herald. 1981-04-21. Retrieved 2015-03-11.

[43] "Faulty valve blamed in Japan nuclear leak". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 1991-02-13. Retrieved 2015-03-11.

[alook-44] "A look at Japan's history of nuclear power trouble". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. March 17, 2011.

[mycle-45] The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine p. 23.

[46] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (October 2014), UNSCEAR 2013 Report – Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami (PDF), New York: United Nations, ISBN 978-92-1-056501-1

[47] New York Times-article, see also Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

[48] "Number of deaths from the Fukushima nuclear disaster". Our World in Data. Retrieved 19 January 2021.

[49] "Severity of June nuclear accident rated level 2 by Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority". The Japan Times Online. 2017-08-02. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

[50] "Recent Japanese radiation mishap deemed level 2 incident". Reuters. 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

[reutersLeak-51] Aziz, Faisal (October 20, 2011). "Leak at Pakistani nuclear plant, but no damage". reuters.com. Retrieved 22 October 2011.

[52] Source: www.history.com

[:3-53] Anderson, Jack; Kohn, Douglas (1999-10-11). "More nuclear disasters likely". Standard-Speaker. Retrieved 2015-03-11.

[54] Об аварийном, экстремально высоком и высоком загрязнении окружающей среды на территории Российской Федерации в период с 6 по 13 октября 2017 года (Report) (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-11-21.

[NYT111217-55] Luxmoore, Matthew; Cowell, Alan. "Russia, in Reversal, Confirms Radiation Spike". New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2017.

[56] "Russia rocket blast involved nuclear staff". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

[:0-57] "Workers exposed to radiation at South Korean nuclear plant". The Kokomo Tribune. 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03.

[58] "The international experts have estimated that radiation could cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobyl populations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986–1987, evacuees and residents of the most contaminated areas". – World Health Organization. Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident 5 September 2005.

[:2-59] "Info withheld on nuclear accident, papers show". The Index-Journal. Greenwood, South Carolina. 1989-01-03. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[60] First study after the accident

[61] www.history.com

[62] "Imagine a world without nuclear power... - Wise International". www.wiseinternational.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

[63] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-04-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[64] "British nuke plant closed". Standard-Speaker. Hazelton, Pennsylvania. 1996-10-01. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[65] "Leak contaminates British workers". Standard-Speaker. Hazelton, Pennsylvania. 1998-02-02. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[66] "Archived copy of UK HSE investigation report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2012-10-14.

[67] Government info

[68] Perrow, Charles Normal Accidents (New York: Basic Books 1984) ISBN 0-465-05142-1 pp. 45–46

[69] Levy, Marc (2009-11-24). "Pipe-cutting lead to radiation at nuke plant". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved 2015-03-10.

[70] Luby, Abby (January 7, 2010). "Nuclear steam leak intentional: Response to Indian Point plant shutdown". Daily News. New York.

[71] Allthingsnuclear.org

[72] News release of the NRC- website

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
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