List of positions on Jerusalem

The status of Jerusalem in international circles is heavily disputed, with nations taking differing stances on who its rightful sovereign state is, between the State of Israel and the State of Palestine. In particular, the status of Jerusalem in discussion revolves around whether Jerusalem in its entirety should become part of either Israel or Palestine, or whether it should be split with West Jerusalem serving as Israel's capital and East Jerusalem serving as Palestine's capital. There have also been calls for the city to be under international authority instead of under Israeli or Palestinian sovereignty. Jerusalem has been a flashpoint for intense fighting as a result of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the question of the city's sovereign status has served as a major defining factor in the development of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

National positions
State West Jerusalem East Jerusalem Location of embassy to Israel Notes
 Australia Israeli capital Palestinian capital Tel Aviv In December 2018, Australia recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced it would move its embassy from Tel Aviv to West Jerusalem once a peace settlement with Palestine is reached. Australia also intends to recognize East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine once the aforementioned peace settlement takes place between Israel and Palestine.[1]
 Argentina Israeli capital Palestinian capital Tel Aviv
 China No position Palestinian capital Tel Aviv In line with its support for the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, China has strongly expressed its support for a Palestinian state with pre-1967 borders and East Jerusalem as its capital. The country has not explicitly stated its opinion on the prospect of West Jerusalem serving as the capital of Israel following this statement.[2]
 Czech Republic Israeli capital No position Tel Aviv On 6 December 2017, the Czech Republic recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. A decision to move the Czech embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem was made but later withdrawn. Since then, there has been an extensive push within the country to further recognize all of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem) as Israel's state capital and move the embassy to Jerusalem.[3][4][5]
 Guatemala Israeli capital Jerusalem Guatemala moved its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem two days after the United States officially announced its recognition of the entirety of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[6]
 Honduras Israeli capital Tel Aviv
 Iran Palestinian capital N/A Iran does not recognize the State of Israel (and therefore does not maintain an embassy in Israel), and as such only recognizes Palestinian sovereignty over all of Jerusalem.
 Israel Israeli capital N/A Though only West Jerusalem is widely considered internationally to be under official Israeli authority, Israel claims a united Jerusalem as its de jure capital under its Jerusalem Law (1980).
 Kosovo Israeli capital N/A On 4 September 2020, it was announced that Israel and Kosovo had formally recognized each other and will be establishing full diplomatic relations. This normalization of ties included a Kosovan recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, where Kosovo will be establishing an embassy.[7]
 Malawi Israeli capital N/A On 5 September 2020, the president of Malawi announced plans to open an embassy in Jerusalem.[8]
 Nauru Israeli capital N/A On 29 August 2019, Nauru officially recognized all of Jerusalem as the state capital of Israel. The island nation does not maintain an embassy in Israel, although it does have an honorary consulate in Rosh HaAyin.[9]
 Oman Palestinian capital N/A Oman does not recognize the State of Israel, and has stated that it will refuse to normalize relations with Israel until a sovereign and independent Palestinian state is established. As such, the country claims united Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine and does not have an embassy in Israel.
 Pakistan Palestinian capital N/A Pakistan has refused to recognize Israel until an "adequate and fair" independent sovereign state for the Palestinians is established, specifically the State of Palestine with its pre-1967 borders and united Jerusalem as its capital.[10]
 Palestine Negotiations needed Palestinian capital N/A The Palestinian Authority currently claims East Jerusalem as its capital and views West Jerusalem as needing future negotiations to decide on its sovereignty. It has also proposed the prospect of united Jerusalem being an international entity and open city to satisfy the concerns of Jews, Christians and Muslims who all value the city as a historical holy site.
 Russia Israeli capital Palestinian capital Tel Aviv In April 2017, Russia recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, being the first country to do so. Russia also recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.[11]
 Saudi Arabia No position Palestinian capital N/A Saudi Arabia does not formally recognize the State of Israel, although it supports a "responsible" two-state solution, whereby Palestinians are entitled to their own state with East Jerusalem as its capital. The Saudi monarchy has not taken an official position on the fate of West Jerusalem's status.[12]
 Serbia Israeli capital Tel Aviv On 4 September 2020, following a breakthrough U.S.-led agreement with Kosovo (and Israel), Serbia recognized united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced that its embassy will be relocated from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by June 2021.[13]
 United States Final status issue. On December 8, 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson clarified that the President's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide."[14] Jerusalem The United States officially recognized united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on 6 December 2017, and later moved its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem on 14 May 2018.
 Venezuela (Maduro administration) Palestinian capital N/A In the wake of the Israel–Gaza conflict of 2008–2009, Venezuela severed all diplomatic ties with the State of Israel and severely condemned its actions against the Palestinians. Since 2009, the two countries have not had any direct diplomatic ties (though Canada serves as Israel's diplomatic protecting power in Venezuela and Spain serves as Venezuela's protecting power in Israel) and Venezuela recognizes united Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine only. In 2017, President Nicolás Maduro expressed a desire to re-establish relations with Israel and negotiate the terms of Jerusalem's status with respect to the wishes of the Palestinians.[15]

See also
  • Jerusalem Law, 1980: effective Israeli annex of East Jerusalem and declaration that the whole of Jerusalem is its capital.

References
  1. "Australia recognises West Jerusalem as capital of Israel". Sky News. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  2. "China's Position on the Recent Development of the Status of Jerusalem". my.china-embassy.org. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  3. Delk, Josh (2017-12-06). "Czech Republic recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital". TheHill. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  4. "Czech Republic considering moving embassy to Jerusalem". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  5. "Czech Republic Will Not Relocate its Embassy to Jerusalem". Asharq AL-awsat. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  6. "Guatemala opens embassy in Jerusalem, two days after U.S. move". Reuters. 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  7. "Kosovo's Jerusalem embassy offer was available for years, but Israel was wary". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  8. Malawi’s new president vows to open diplomatic office in Jerusalem, The Times of Israel, Sep 6, 2020. Accessed Sep 11, 2020.
  9. JTA and TOI staff. "Nauru, world's 'least-visited country,' recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  10. Siddiqui, Naveed (2020-01-29). "Pakistan backs Palestinian state with pre-1967 borders, Jerusalem as capital". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  11. In curious first, Russia recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, The Times of Israel, Apr 6, 2017. Accessed Sep 11, 2020.
  12. Agencies and TOI staff. "Saudi king: Palestinians have right to East Jerusalem as capital". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  13. "Netanyahu says Serbia will move its embassy to Jerusalem". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  14. Morello, Carol (December 8, 2017). "U.S. Embassy's move to Jerusalem should take at least two years, Tillerson says". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  15. "Israel-Venezuela relations". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
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