List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

Elamite Empire, c. 3200 – 519 BC

The Elamites settlement was in southwestern Iran, where is modern Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic ancestors of the Persian/Median empire. For a full list of Elamite major and minor kings see:

Western Kingdoms, c. 2550–c. 700 BC

Marhasi kingdom,[1][2] c. 2550–c. 1900 BC

Some scholars suggested that Warakhshe were located in southeastern Iran in modern Balochistan

  1. Migirenlil (c. 2550 BC)
  2. Unnamed King (c. 2325 BC)
  3. Abalgamash (c. 2316 – 2312 BC), revolted against Rimush of Akkad
  4. Hubshumkibi (c. 2270 BC contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad)
  5. Unnamed King (c. 2080 BC)
  6. Hashibatal (c. 2070 BC contemporary with Shulgi king of Ur)
  7. Arvilukpi (c. 2050 BC contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)
  8. Pariashum (c. 2045 BC contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)
  9. Libanugshabash (2044–c. 2033 BC)
  10. Mashhundahli (c. 2020 BC contemporary with Ibbi-Sin king of Ur)

Namar kingdom,[1] c. 24th century–c. 750 BC
  1. Tishari (c. 2350 BC)
  2. Inbir (c. 2290 BC)
  3. Sadarmat (c. 2270 BC)
  4. Arisen (c. 2260 BC)
  5. Unknown Queen (c. 1764 BC)
  6. Karziyabku (c. 1200 BC)
  7. Ritti-Marduk (c. 1110 BC)
  8. Marduk-Mudammiq (until 842/4 BC)
  9. Ianzu (842/4–834/5 BC)

Zakhara kingdom,[1][2] c. 2350–c. 2250 BC
  1. The unnamed prince of Zakhara (c. 2315 BCE)
  2. Ungapi (c. 2315 BCE). Regent of Zakhara
  3. The unnamed king of Zakhara (after 2254 BCE)

Ganhar kingdom,[1] c. 21st century BC
  1. Kisari (c. 2071–c. 2050 BC)
  2. Warad-Nannar (c. 2035 BC)

Northwestern Kingdoms, c. 2400 – 521 BC

Lullubi kingdom,[1][2] c. 2400–c. 650 BC
  1. Immashkush (c. 2400 BC)
  2. Anubanini (c. 2350 BC) he ordered to make an inscription on the rock near Sar-e Pol-e Zahab
  3. Satuni (c. 2270 BC contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad and Hita king of Awan)
  4. Irib (c. 2037 BC)
  5. Darianam (c. 2000 BC)
  6. Ikki (precise dates unknown)
  7. Tar ... duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. his inscription is found near the inscription of Anubanini
  8. Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
  9. Zabini (c. 881 BC)
  10. Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
  11. Dada (c. 715 BC)
  12. Larkutla (c. 675 BC)

Gilzan kingdom,[1] c. 900–c. 820 BC
  1. Unknown king (c. 883–c. 880 BC)
  2. Asau (c. mid-9th century BC)
  3. Upu (c. 827 BC)

Ida kingdom,[1] c. 860–c. 710 BC
  1. Nikdiara (c. 855/6–c. 827 BC)
  2. Sharsina (c. 821–c. 820 BC)
  3. Parnua (c. 713 BC)

Allabria,[1] c. 850–c. 710 BC
  1. Ianziburiash (c. 842 BC)
  2. Artasari (c. 829 BC)
  3. Bēl-apla-iddina (until 716 BC)
  4. Itti (c. 711 BC)

Gizilbunda kingdom,[1] c. 850–c. 700 BC
  1. Pirishati (until 820 BC) (in Urash)
  2. Titamashka (c. 820 BC) (in Sasiashu)
  3. Kiara (c. 820 BC) (in Kar-Sibutu)
  4. Engur (c. 820 BC) (in Sibaru)
  5. Zizi (c. 714 BC) (in Appatar)
  6. Zala (c. 714 BC) (in Kit-Patia)

Araziash kingdom,[1] c. 850 – 716 BC
  1. Barua (precise dates unknown)
  2. Munsuarta (c. 820 BC)
  3. Unknown king (c. 775–c. 772 BC)
  4. Ramatea (c. 744 BC)
  5. Satareshu (c. 713 BC)

Andia Kingdom,[1][2] c. 850–c. 700 BC
  1. Unnamed king of Andia (c. 827 BC) contemporary with Daian-Ashur military leader of Assyrian empire in western Iran
  2. Telusina (c. 719 – 715 BC) who revolted against king of Manna and was defeated by Sargon II king of Assyria

Zikartu kingdom,[1] c. 750 – 521 BC
  1. The unnamed king of Zikartu (c. 744 BC)
  2. Mettati (c. 719 – 714 BC)
  3. Bagparna (from 714 BC)
  4. Tritantaechmes (until July 15, 521 BC)

Median dynasty, 726–521 BC

The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC.

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Born-Died Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Median dynasty,[3] 726–521 BC
1 Deioces Dahiaukka ? – 674 BC 726 BC 674 BC son of Phraortes Deposed by Assyrians
2 Xšaθrita I Phraortes (?) ? – 652 BC 674 BC 652 BC son of Deioces Killed in battle with Assyrians and Scythians. Domination of Scythian kingdom 652–625 BC
3 Cyaxares Huvaxšaθra ? – 585 BC 625 BC 585 BC son of Xšaθrita I Allied with Nabopolassar of Babylon and destroyed Assyria
4 Astyages Ishtuvigu ? – 585 BC 585 BC 550 BC son of Cyaxares Deposed and later killed
5 Cyaxares II Fravartish ? – May 521 BC December 522 BC May 8, 521 BC descendant of Cyaxares Killed by Darius I

Scythian kingdom, c. 700–c. 530 BC
  1. Ishpaka (until c. 673 BC)
  2. Partatua (from c. 673 BC)
  3. Madea (c. 658/9–c. 625 BC) son of Partatua
  4. Eruvand (before 550 – 547 BC)
  5. Tigran (from 547 BC) son of Eruvand[1][2]

Southern Kingdoms, c. 710–550 BC

Achaemenid Kings of Parsumash, c. 710–c. 635 BC
  1. Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty.
  2. Teispes (I) son of Achaemenes c. 710–c. 685 BC
  3. Cambyses (I) son of Teispes (I) c. 685–c. 660 BC
  4. Cyrus (I) son of Cambyses (I) c. 660–c. 635 BC

Achaemenid Kings of Anshan, c. 635 – 550 BC
  1. Teispes of Anshan, or Teispes (II) son of Achaemenes or Cyrus (I), king of Persia, king of Anshan, c. 635–c. 610 BC[4]
  2. Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus (II), son of Teispes (II), king of Anshan c. 610–c. 585 BC[4]
  3. Cambyses I of Anshan or Cambyses (II), his son, king of Anshan c. 585 – 559 BC[4]
  4. Cyrus II the Great or Cyrus (III), his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the Persian Empire.
  • Line of Ariaramnes
  1. Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes (II), king of Persia. His reign is doubtful.
  2. Arsames of Persia, son of Ariaramnes, king of Persia until 550, died after 520. His reign is doubtful.
  3. His son Hystaspes was Satrap of Parthia under Cambyses II, Smerdis and his son Darius.

References
  1. Qashqai, 2011.
  2. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
  3. Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran
  4. Miroschedji, 1985.

Bibliography
  • Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
  • D’yakonov, I. M., "Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e.E" (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BCE), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. Karim Kešāvarz as Tāriḵ-e Mād, Tehran, 1966.
  • Hinz, W., "The Lost World of Elam", London, 1972 (tr. F. Firuznia, دنیای گمشده ایلام, Tehran, 1992)
  • Legrain, Leon, "Historical Fragments", Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. XIII, 1922.
  • Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Elam", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1991.
  • Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Mesopotamia", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1997, vol.1.
  • Potts, D. T., The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Qashqai, Hamidreza, Chronicle of early Iran history, Tehran, Avegan press, 2011 (in Persian: گاهنمای سپیده دم تاریخ در ایران )
  • The Cambridge Ancient History
  • The Cambridge History of Iran
  • Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York, 1998.
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