List of state leaders in 1616
Africa
- Ethiopian Empire – Susenyos I (1606–1632)
Asia
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) – Ekathotsarot (1605–1620)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Wanli Emperor (1573–1620)
- Japan
- Monarch – Go-Mizunoo (1611–1629)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Hidetada (1605–1623)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Nei (1587–1620)
- Joseon (Korea) – Gwanghaegun (1608–1623)
- Later Jin (Manchu Empire) -
- Mughal Empire – Jahangir (1605–1627)
Europe
- Kingdom of Denmark – Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Duchy of Schleswig –
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and John Adolphus (1590–1616) in condominial rule
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Duchy of Schleswig –
- England - James I, King of England (1603–1625)
- France - Louis XIII, King of France (1610–1643)
- Holy Roman Empire – Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1612–1619)
- Bremen, Prince-Archbishopric – John Frederick, Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric (1596–1634)
- Holstein, Duchy –
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and John Adolphus (1590–1616) in condominial rule
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck – John Frederick, Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric (1607–1634)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (1603–1617)
- Poland - Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland (1587–1632)
- Tsardom of Russia - Michael I, Tsar of Russia (1613–1645)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James VI (1587–1625)
- Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal (1598–1621)
- Sweden - Gustavus Adolphus (1611–1632)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht and Zeeland (1585–1625)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1586–1619)
- Republic of Venice – Giovanni Bembo, Doge of Venice (1615–1618)
Middle East and North Africa
- Safavid Empire – Abbas I, Shah of Iran (1587–1629)
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