List of state leaders in 1648
Africa
- Kingdom of Dahomey – Houegbadja (1645–1685)
- Ethiopian Empire – Fasilides (1632–1667)
- Emirate of Harar – `Ali ibn Da`ud (1647–1671)
Asia
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) – Prasat Thong (1629–1656)
- China
- Qing dynasty – Shunzhi Emperor (1644–1661)
- Southern Ming –
- Prince of Lu (1645–1653)
- Prince of Gui (1646–1662)
- Kingdom of Coorg - Muddu Raja I (1633-1687)
- Empire of Japan –
- Monarch – Go-Kōmyō (1643–1654)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemitsu (1623–1651)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shitsu (1648–1668)
- Joseon (Korea) – Injo (1623–1649)
Europe
- Kingdom of Denmark–Norway –
- Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Frederick III (1648–1670)
- Duchy of Schleswig –
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Dutch Republic
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
- Holland – Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
- England - Charles I (1625–1649)
- France - Louis XIV (1643–1715)
- Principality of Catalonia - Louis II (1643–1652)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III
- Duchy of Bremen – Christina, Queen of Sweden (House of Vasa) (1648–1654)
- Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Wolfenbüttel line – Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
- Holstein, Duchy –
- Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
- Principality of Verden – Christina, Queen of Sweden (House of Vasa) (1648–1654)
- Ottoman Empire
- İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
- Mehmed IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (1648–1668)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – John IV (1640–1656)
- Tsardom of Russia – Alexis I
- Duchy of Savoy – Charles Emmanuel II (1638–1675)
- Monarchy of Spain – Philip IV
- Kingdom of Sweden – Christina
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