Lithocholic acid

Lithocholic acid, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid or LCA, is a bile acid that acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption. Bacterial action in the colon produces LCA from chenodeoxycholic acid by reduction of the hydroxyl functional group at carbon-7 in the "B" ring of the steroid framework.

Lithocholic acid[1]
Names
IUPAC name
(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic acid
Other names
Lithocholate; Lithocolic acid; 3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid; 3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid; 5β-Cholan-24-oic acid-3α-ol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.455
EC Number
  • 207-099-1
RTECS number
  • FZ2275000
UNII
Properties
C24H40O3
Molar mass 376.57 g/mol
Melting point 183 to 188 °C (361 to 370 °F; 456 to 461 K)
Hazards
S-phrases (outdated) S22 S24/25
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

It has been implicated in human and experimental animal carcinogenesis.[2][3] Preliminary in vitro research suggests that LCA selectively kills neuroblastoma cells, while sparing normal neuronal cells and is cytotoxic to numerous other malignant cell types at physiologically relevant concentrations.[4]

Dietary fiber can bind to lithocholic acid and aid in its excretion in stool;[5] as such, fiber can protect against colon cancer.

LCA (and LCA acetate and LCA propionate) can activate the vitamin D receptor without raising calcium levels as much as vitamin D itself.[6]

LCA was also shown to have anti-aging effects in a yeast study.[7][8] A later study showed that the bile acid accumulates in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, altering the mitochondria's lipid composition by promoting or inhibiting various enzymes.[9]

References

  1. Lithocholic acid at Sigma-Aldrich
  2. Kozoni, V.; Tsioulias, G; Shiff, S; Rigas, B (2000). "The effect of lithocholic acid on proliferation and apoptosis during the early stages of colon carcinogenesis: Differential effect on apoptosis in the presence of a colon carcinogen". Carcinogenesis. 21 (5): 999–1005. doi:10.1093/carcin/21.5.999. PMID 10783324.
  3. Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D, Bordonaro M. Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar 11;20(5):1214. doi:10.3390/ijms20051214 PMID 30862015
  4. Goldberg, AA; Beach, A; Davies, GF; Harkness, TA; Leblanc, A; Titorenko, VI (2011). "Lithocholic bile acid selectively kills neuroblastoma cells, while sparing normal neuronal cells". Oncotarget. 2 (10): 761–82. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.338. PMC 3248158. PMID 21992775.
  5. Jenkins, DJ; Wolever, TM; Rao, AV; Hegele, RA; Mitchell, SJ; Ransom, TP; Boctor, DL; Spadafora, PJ; et al. (1993). "Effect on blood lipids of very high intakes of fiber in diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol". The New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (1): 21–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199307013290104. PMID 8389421.
  6. Ishizawa, M.; Matsunawa, M.; Adachi, R.; Uno, S.; Ikeda, K.; Masuno, H.; Shimizu, M.; Iwasaki, K.-i.; et al. (2008). "Lithocholic acid derivatives act as selective vitamin D receptor modulators without inducing hypercalcemia". The Journal of Lipid Research. 49 (4): 763–772. doi:10.1194/jlr.M700293-JLR200. PMID 18180267.
  7. Goldberg, AA; Richard, VR; Kyryakov, P; Bourque, SD; Beach, A; Burstein, MT; Glebov, A; Koupaki, O; et al. (2010). "Chemical genetic screen identifies lithocholic acid as an anti-aging compound that extends yeast chronological life span in a TOR-independent manner, by modulating housekeeping longevity assurance processes". Aging. 2 (7): 393–414. doi:10.18632/aging.100168. PMC 2933888. PMID 20622262.
  8. Arlia-Ciommo A, Leonov A, Mohammad K, Beach A, Richard VR, Bourque SD, Burstein MT, Goldberg AA, Kyryakov P, Gomez-Perez A, Koupaki O, Titorenko VI. Mechanisms through which lithocholic acid delays yeast chronological aging under caloric restriction conditions. Oncotarget. 2018 Oct 9;9(79):34945-34971. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26188 PMID 30405886
  9. Beach, A.; Richard, V.R.; Leonov, A.; Burstein, M.T.; Bourque, S.D.; Koupaki, O.; Juneau, M.; Feldman, R.; Iouk, T.; Titorenko, V.I. Mitochondrial membrane lipidome defines yeast longevity. Aging 2013, 5, 551–574.  


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