Llallawavis

Llallawavis; Temporal range: Pliocene (Chapadmalalan); ~3.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Reconstructed skeleton
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Cariamiformes
Family:	†Phorusrhacidae
Genus:	†Llallawavis; Degrange et al., 2015[1]
Species:	†L. scagliai
Binomial name
	†Llallawavis scagliai; Degrange et al., 2015[1]

Llallawavis scagliai (magnificent bird of Scaglia) is a large, extinct predatory bird from Pliocene Argentina. Its fossil is the most complete fossil of a phorusrhacid (or "terror bird") yet found.

Description

Restoration

The fossil, discovered in 2010 in sediment among the cliffs above La Estafeta beach in the lower part of the Playa Los Lobos Allo Formation, contains the complete palate, complete trachea, skull, voice box, and eye bones. The fossil shows L. scagliai was a medium-sized phorusrhacid around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) tall and lived in Argentina approximately 3.5 million years ago during the Pliocene.[1]

Habitat

Llallawavis scagliai likely roamed in grassland and weighed around 18 kilograms (40 lb).[2] The joints separating the skulls bones were fused, unlike modern birds, and that may have helped it batter prey. CT scans of its inner ear show that it could only hear frequencies between about 380 and 4230 hertz, and probably had a deep voice to match.[3]

The below cladogram is simplified after the analysis of Degrange et al. (2015).[1]

Phorusrhacidae

Mesembriornithinae

Mesembriornis incertus

Mesembriornis milneedwardsi

	Llallawavis

	Procariama

Psilopterinae

Other phorusrhacids

References

Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (20 March 2015). "A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e912656. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656.
Perkins, Sid (9 April 2015). "New species of 'terror bird' discovered". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aab2465. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
Webb, Jonathan (10 April 2015). "'Terror birds' had deep voices, fossil suggests". Science & Environment. BBC. Retrieved 2015-04-14.

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[degrange-1] Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (20 March 2015). "A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e912656. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656.

[2] Perkins, Sid (9 April 2015). "New species of 'terror bird' discovered". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aab2465. Retrieved 2015-04-14.

[3] Webb, Jonathan (10 April 2015). "'Terror birds' had deep voices, fossil suggests". Science & Environment. BBC. Retrieved 2015-04-14.