Lofoten

Geological map of Lofoten and Vesterålen.

Lofoten is a horst ridge of bedrock.[4] The rocks of Lofoten belong to the wider Western Gneiss Region of Norway.[5] Some of the high relief and irregular surfaces of Lofoten has been attributed to etching that took place during the Mesozoic Era. Evidence of this would be the kaolinite found at some locations.[6] To the northwest the Lofoten archipelago is bounded by the NE–SW-trending West Lofoten Border Fault. This is a normal fault whose fault scarp has been eroded forming a strandflat.[7]

In Vestvågøya mountains have steep slopes towards the open sea in the northwest and southeast while slopes pointing towards the interior of the island are more gentle. This is the result of erosion acting on a landscape that has been uplifted along NE–SW-trending faults in the margins of Lofoten while the interior axis has remained more stable.[4] In tectonic terms mountains are half-grabens and faults are of the dip-slip type.[4]

The sea around Lofoten is known to host significant oil reserves. The reserves amount to 1.3 bn barrels. Oil extraction in the Lofoten area is however prohibited.[3]

The sea is rich with life, and the world's largest deep water coral reef, called the Røst Reef, is located west of Røst.[8] Approximately 70% of all fish caught in the Norwegian and Barents seas use its islands' waters as a breeding ground.[3] Lofoten has a high density of sea eagles and cormorants, and millions of other sea birds, among them the colourful puffin. It has mainland Europe's largest seabird colony.[3] Otters are common, and there are moose on the largest islands. There are some woodlands with downy birch and rowan. There are no native conifer forests in Lofoten, but some small areas with private spruce plantations. Sorbus hybrida (Rowan whitebeam) and Malus sylvestris occur in Lofoten, but not further north.

The animals mistaken for the extinct great auk turned out to be some of the nine king penguins released around Norway's Lofoten Islands in August 1936, there until at least 1944.[9]

Lofoten features a mostly subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) under the Köppen climate classification, although some parts like Skrova features a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). Winter temperatures in Lofoten are extremely mild considering its location north of the Arctic Circle – Lofoten has the largest positive temperature anomaly in the world relative to latitude. This is a result of the Gulf Stream and its extensions: the North Atlantic Current and the Norwegian Current.

Strong winds can occur in late autumn and winter. Snow and sleet are not uncommon in winter, the mountains can have substantial amounts of snow, and in some winters, avalanches might come down from steep mountain slopes. Two of the top ten deadliest rainstorms ever recorded passed through Lofoten.

In Svolvær, the sun is above the horizon continuously ("midnight sun") from 25 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 4 December to 7 January. In Leknes, the sun is above the horizon from 26 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 9 December to 4 January.

The temperature in the sea has been recorded since 1935. At 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches) depth in the sea near Skrova, water temperatures varies from a low of 3 °C (37 °F) in March to 14 °C (57 °F) in August, some years peaking above 17 °C (63 °F). November is around 7–8 °C (45–46 °F). At a depth of 200 metres (660 feet), the temperature is near 8 °C (46 °F) all year.[10] Skrova lighthouse on an island near Svolvær has the longest recording of air temperature in Lofoten. The warmest temperature recorded is 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) in June 1972. The coldest temperature recorded is −15.1 °C (4.8 °F) in February 1966. Last overnight freeze in June was in 1962, and last freeze in September was in 1986. Skrova and nearby Svolvær are among those places in North Norway which can record what Norwegians know as "tropical nights" when the overnight low does not go below 20 °C (68 °F). The warmest night at Skrova was July 15th 1961 with low 23.4 °C (74.1 °F), and the earliest in summer was June 10th 2011 with low 21.5 °C (70.7 °F).[11] The wettest month recorded is December 1936 with 227 mm, and the driest is January 2014 with 0.9 mm.

Even if the islands are not that large, there are some climatic differences. The islands in the southwest, Værøy and Røst, have the warmest winters, but summer highs are cooler. Vestvågøy with the town Leknes has lowland in the interior of the island with mountains nearby; winters here are slightly colder and much wetter than at Skrova, while summers are drier and comparable.

A mountain massif of Flakstadøya island backgrounding the road to Nusfjord village.

Lofoten offers many rock climbing and mountaineering opportunities. It has 24 hours of daylight in the summer and has Alpine-style ridges, summits and glaciers, but at a height of less than 1,200 metres (3,900 feet). The main centre for rock climbing is Henningsvær on Austvågøya.

The main areas for mountaineering and climbing are on Austvågøy and Moskenesøya. Moskenesøya features remote and serious mountaineering whereas Austvågøy is very popular area for rock climbing. For more information, see the walking guide by Dyer and the rock climbing guidebook by Craggs and Enevold (see references).

Lofoten has one of the world's most unique football pitches. The pitch rests on a rocky islet which has no actual seats.[14]

Unstad is one of its better known locations for surfing. Every September surfers from around the world visit to compete in the Lofoten Masters.[15]

Nusfjord.

There is a well-marked cycling route that goes from Å in the south and continues past Fiskebøl in the north. The route is part public road, part cycle-path with the option to bypass all of the tunnels by either cycle-path (tunnels through mountains) or boat. Traffic is generally light, although in July there may be a lot of campervans. Some of the more remote sections are on gravel roads. There is a dedicated cycling ferry which sails between Ballstad and Nusfjord, allowing cyclists to avoid the long, steep Nappstraum tunnel. The route hugs the coastline for most of its length where it is generally flat. As it turns inland through the mountain passes there are a couple of 300–400-metre (980–1,310-foot) climbs.

The Lofoten Insomnia Cycling Race[16] takes place every year around midsummer, possible in the midnight sun, but certainly in 24-hour daylight, along the whole Lofoten archipelago.

The Arctic Race of Norway, the world's northernmost professional stage race on road bike which takes place every year in Northern Norway, crossed the Lofoten islands during its first edition in August 2013. As of 2015, the race was planned to be back in 2019 from Thursday 15 August to Sunday 18 August. The first two stages will cross the Lofoten archipelago from west to east.[17]

• Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Descent into the Maelström" tells the story of a man who survived his ship being drawn into and swallowed by Moskstraumen.
• Many of the novels of Knut Hamsun, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920, are situated in the Lofoten.
• Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) concludes with the Nautilus having fallen into the Maelström, and Prof. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land, who had been attempting to escape when the Nautilus began its fall, washed up on an island in the Lofotens.
• Johan Bojer's novel The Last of the Vikings (1922) tells the story of the Lofoten cod fishermen.
• In Nikos Kavvadias's poem "The Pilot Nagel", pilot Nagel's birthplace was the Lofoten islands.
• In Angela Green's novel The Colour of Water, much of the action takes place in Å i Lofoten and climaxes at the Maelstrom.
• In Ole Edvart Rølvaag's novel Giants in the Earth, the Norwegian protagonists settling in Dakota Territory are immigrants from Lofoten.
• In Thomas Campbell's poem "Ode to Winter"

• In the film Maelström, Lofoten is where the ashes of Annstein Karson are distributed.

• The Norwegian television crime drama series Twin, which premiered on 27 October 2019 on NRK, is set in the Lofoten Islands.

The islands of the Lofoten archipelago are known for their natural environment. The area has rugged landscape and unique lighting. Consequently, the islands have long served as an inspiration for artists. Norwegian painter Gunnar Berg was known for his paintings of his native Lofoten. He principally painted scenes of the everyday life of the local fishermen. Other artists whose work has been associated with Lofoten include Adelsteen Normann, Otto Sinding, Christian Krohg, Theodor Kittelsen, and Lev Lagorio.[18]

In 2004, Nurse with Wound broadcast 24 unexpected radio transmissions from the Lofoten Islands, whose sounds were sourced from the environment and objects found in Lofoten. These recordings are included on their three releases entitled Shipwreck Radio.

• In the 2015 video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, a village is named Lofoten within the Norse/Celtic inspired archipelago, Skellige.
• In 2019, the World War II video game Battlefield V added Lofoten Islands as a Multiplayer map.

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  Sakrisøy
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  Henningsvær in Lofoten, the harbour during fishing season.
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  The Lofotr Viking Museum. Borg in Vestvågøy
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  Steinsfjorden in Lofoten
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  Ramberg beach in Flakstad.
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  Sildpollneset and Higravstindan mountains, Vågan municipality.
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  Stockfish has been exported from Lofoten for at least 1,000 years.
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  The view from mount Tjeldbergtinden
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  Djupfjorden in Lofoten
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  Reine in winter

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  fra Lofoten
  Theodor Kittelsen (1890)
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  Lofoten Island
  Lev Lagorio (1895)
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  Lofotenlandskap
  Anna Boberg (1910)
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  Blick von Lauksund auf Trolltinden am Raftsund, Lofoten
  Themistokles von Eckenbrecher (1906)
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  Blick von Svolvaer nach Storemolla und Lillemolla
  Hermann Eschke (1887)
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  Fra Svolvær i Lofoten
  Gunnar Berg