Lucy Kaopaulu Peabody

Peabody was born on January 1, 1840, at Luaʻehu, Lahaina, on the island of Maui, the daughter of Dr. Parker Peabody (1805–1849) and Elizabeth Kamakaila Davis.[1][7] During her early childhood. she resided with her maternal grandparents at Waimea and Kawaihae, on the island of Hawaii. She was of mixed Native Hawaiian, American, and Welsh descent, known as hapa-haole in Hawaiian.[8][9]

Her father was an American physician from New York who established a short-lived partnership with English physician Thomas Charles Byde Rooke, the uncle and hānai (adoptive) father of the future Queen Emma of Hawaii.[10][11] Emma and Lucy were both also descended from the Hawaiian unions of King Kamehameha I's foreign advisors.[12] Lucy's mother was the daughter of Kahaʻanapilo Papa, a scion of the Waimea line of chiefs, and George Hūʻeu Davis, the part-Hawaiian son of Isaac Davis, a Welsh sailor from Milford Haven, who alongside Englishman John Young (Emma's grandfather) served as military advisor to King Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands.[13][14]

Her niece and namesake was Lucy Kalanikumaikiekie Davis Henriques (1878–1932), better known as Kalani Henriques,[note 2] who married Edgar Henriques, an American politician and businessman during the Territory of Hawaii.[15][16][17] The exact genealogy of Kalani Henriques is not specified. One source described the younger Lucy as the granddaughter of her mother's brother George Davis. The younger Lucy lived in Kona, before going to Honolulu to be raised by her aunt and learn English.[9]

The Royal Family of Hawaii, c. 1863–6. Her patron Queen Dowager Emma is standing the center.

She developed a close friendship with Queen Emma, the wife of King Kamehameha IV who ruled from 1855 to 1863. During Emma's lifetime, Peabody served as the Queen's maid-of-honor and lady-in-waiting, serving the traditional role of kahu (caretaker) and as a member of her royal retinue.[18][12] She was present at the sickbed of King Lunalilo in Kailua-Kona, and after his death in 1874, she supported Emma's unsuccessful candidacy against Kalākaua in the monarchial election which followed.[19] Many of the letters written between Peabody and Emma were later used by historians and biographers of the Queen's life.[20][21] After Queen Emma's death, she named Peabody as one of the devisees in her will and provided her with an annuity of 900 dollars.[22][23]

Even after her royal patron's death in 1885, and the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, Peabody continued to represent Queen Emma's side of the royal family including being present at the start of repairs to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1903.[24] Along with her niece Maria Beckley Kahea, and Stella Keomailani Cockett, she represented the Young family and adherents of the Kamehameha royal line at the consecration of the Wylie tomb where many of Queen Emma's extended relations were interred.[25]

During the 1890s, she became a member of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League), a patriotic group founded shortly after the overthrow of the monarchy to oppose annexation and support the deposed queen Liliuokalani. This organization helped collected the Kūʻē Petitions, which consisted of over 21,000 signatures opposing the annexation treaty of 1897. After the failure of the treaty, Hawaii was instead annexed by a joint resolution called the Newlands Resolution. She served as treasurer of the Delegates’ Funds for the organization.[26][27]

Peabody worshipped at St. Andrew's Cathedral, as did her niece, Lucy Kalani Henriques.[28] In later life, she devoted her time and resources to raising Native Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian young ladies of the former aristocracy in the manners of the old Hawaiian court. These protégés included her niece Lucy Henriques, Emma Weed Holt and Olga Keahikuni Kekauʻōnohi. She owned property around the Nu‘uanu Stream facing Vineyard Street in Honolulu from which she derived income.[29][30]

In 1905, Lucy Peabody re-established the Kaʻahumanu Society (ʻAhahui Kaʻahumanu), becoming its second founder. This was a female-led civic society founded during the monarchy in 1864 by Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, and the future Queen Liliuokalani.[31][32] The organization was disbanded shortly after the princess' death in 1866. On June 14, 1905, Peabody and a group of eleven women re-chartered the organization at Kawaiahaʻo Church; she was elected president.[33][32] The organization chose not to invite the deposed queen, Liliuokalani, even though she had been an original member of the 1864 club. Historian Helena Allen reasoned that this was the result of the contentious genealogy trials of 1883. These had soured the relationship between the House of Kalākaua and factions loyal to Queen Emma, of which Lucy still considered herself a part.[34]

Memorial to Isaac Davis and his descendants, Oahu Cemetery

In later life, Peabody served as a wealth of knowledge to historians during the Territorial period. Ethel Moseley Damon, author of Koamalu: A Story of Pioneers on Kauai, noted that she was "a Hawaiian of rank revered by us all, and one deeply learned in the lore of her native country".[35] She inherited many artifacts from her Welsh great-grandfather including his Anglican prayer book and a letter from Captain George Vancouver.[28] Her niece, Lucy Henriques, inherited Peabody's private collections including her letters and personal writings, along with those of Parker Peabody, Isaac Davis, John Young, Dr. Rooke, and Queen Emma. The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in Honolulu later acquired the material, which is known today as the Lucy Kaopaulu Peabody, Edgar and Kalani Henriques Collection. It also consisted of 1,300 ethnological specimens, many of which Edgar Henriques cataloged. These included geological specimens, samples of Hawaiian wood and many artifacts of historical importance including swords, pictures and medals.[3][36]

In her final years, she moved in with her niece Lucy Henriques and her husband Edgar Henriques, possibly at the Edgar and Lucy Henriques House.[9] Lucy Peabody never married or had children of her own. She died on August 9, 1928, at the age of 89, at her niece's residence.[7][37] She was buried at the Oahu Cemetery in the Davis family plot under a marker with the inscription "Lucy K. Peabody". A separate memorial for Isaac Davis and his descendants lists her as "Lucy Kaopaulu Peabody".[2][38] In her will she left twelve acres of land in Makahikilu, Waimea to her niece to establish a medical facility in the North Hawaii area, where both women had lived and grown up. After Henriques' death in 1932, the Lucy Kalanikumaikiʻekiʻe Henriques Charitable Trust was established to fulfill the legacy of the two women. The Lucy Henriques Medical Center finally opened in 1977, eventually merging with North Hawaii Community Hospital in 1999.[39][40]