Mario Buda

Buda was born in the city of Savignano sul Rubicone, in the region of Romagna that, at the time, was a center of anarchism, and it is very possible that he became an anarchist in the beginning of his teenage years. He was a restless young man, and at fifteen years of age, he was arrested for robbery and then later, faced a conviction for noise pollution in the night.[3] After he was discharged from jail, he began work as an apprentice shoemaker, but finding no economic stability, he decided to emigrate to the United States in 1907. There he was hired to work as a gardener, mason, worker in a telephone company as well as a hat factory, and many other menial jobs. In America, he spent many long periods of terrible economic hardship, so in 1911 he decided to return to Italy. Two years later, he returned to the United States, settling in Boston, Massachusetts, where he worked as a laborer in the footwear industry.[4]

Buda met Nicola Sacco during the strike of 1913 in Hopedale, and three years later, he met Bartolomeo Vanzetti in Plymouth.[5] He began to attend the anarchist group of these two Italian-Americans who were followers of Luigi Galleani, and also devoted his free time to the organization of free Italian anarchist schools, where Italian immigrants were taught the rudiments of anarchism.[1] In 1916, he was arrested in Boston, for taking part in a demonstration against the US intervention in World War I. During the proceedings against him, he refused to take the oath on the Bible, and was sentenced to five months in prison. In 1917, to escape the call of the army after the US entry into the war, he went with Sacco and Vanzetti and others to Monterrey in Mexico), which at that time had a vibrant community of Italian anarchists. During that period, Buda made a living as a laborer in a laundry room, sharing his salary with the other members of the community.[6]

In 1916, the Preparedness Day Bombing in San Francisco resulted in 50 people being killed or wounded; Buda's participation could be neither proved nor disproved. In 1917, Buda met with ten other anarchists (including his friend Carlo Valdinoci). A bomb was placed alongside the Italian Evangelical Mission Church in Milwaukee's Third Ward on 24 November. The device was discovered and brought to the police station where it detonated, causing the death of 9 policemen and two civilians.[7][8] The bomb was thought to be an attempted retaliation for the September 1917 Bay View incident, in which two were killed during a hostile exchange between a group of local Italians and pro-American patriotism pastor, Rev. August Giuliani, of the Italian Evangelical Mission Church.[9][10] The authorities, however, were never able to prove the guilt of the accused because many of them were in prison at time of the bombing. As a response, anarchist bombings followed across the country (on 2 June 1919, bombs were set off in Paterson, New Jersey; Boston; Philadelphia; Cleveland; Pittsburgh; and Washington, D.C.), although most did not create serious consequences.[11] In this climate, the Immigration Act of 1918 was promulgated, by which foreigners who were involved or simply accused of subversive activities could be expelled. Many anarchists were repatriated to their countries of origin because of this law.[12]

The 16 September Wall Street bomb killed 38 people, the city's worst disaster since the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.

On 11 September 1920, the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti, Buda's friends and companions, were charged with robbery and murder in South Braintree, and the climate, already simmering from the promulgation of anti-anarchist laws and the deportation of Luigi Galleani, literally became over-heated. Five days later, on 16 September, a man traveled to Wall Street with a horse-drawn cart, and stopped between the headquarters of the J.P. Morgan bank and the New York Stock Exchange Building. At noon, the cart, loaded with 100 pounds of dynamite and 500 pounds of cast-iron sash weights, exploded through a timed device. The bank and other buildings were severely damaged but remained intact. 38 people died and another two hundred were injured. The US authorities responded promptly. The investigation was headed by William J. Flynn, director between 1919 and 1921 of the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. About Flynn, Attorney General Palmer said, "Flynn is a hunter of anarchists ... the greatest expert in anarchist circles of the United States". Flynn claimed that the attack was a response to the arrest of Sacco and Vanzetti. Flynn immediately began to track the anarchists and showed particular interest in the followers of Luigi Galleani's related Subversive Chronicle newspaper. In particular, attention was turning to Mario Buda, based on the testimony of a blacksmith who had rented the horse which was used to pull the explosive wagon. Buda, however, was able to avoid detection and left New York to embark on a trip back to his old home in Italy.

After some time back in Italy, Buda was arrested in Savignano, being charged with having participated in the clashes between fascists and anti-fascists on 28 February 1921, during which he had supposedly killed a police sergeant. Accused along with 15 other people, all were acquitted due to lack of evidence. On 10 August 1922, during a search of his home, police found numerous letters, which he had received from American anarchists with whom he had kept in touch, including a letter written by Nicola Sacco. Between 1925 and 1927 he commuted to Rimini, where he found work as a shoemaker. Buda made no secret of his friendship with Sacco and Vanzetti, who in the meantime had been sentenced to death. Three days before the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti on 23 August 1927, Buda was arrested and later sentenced to five years of confinement to be served in the island of Lipari, where he again met Luigi Galleani as well as Umberto Tommasini.[3] In 1932, he was moved to Ponza and shortly after, he was set free. He moved for two months to Switzerland, after which he returned to his home in Savignano. The Communist newspaper of France claimed that Mario Buda was an espionage agent of Benito Mussolini's secret police and that he had come to France to betray other anarchists to the authorities. This was never proven because after his return to Savignano, he never left, and continued his trade working in the production and sale of shoes.

In 1955, Mario Buda allegedly admitted to his nephew that he had built and detonated the Wall Street bomb. He had even remained at the scene after the explosion, but was neither interviewed nor arrested. He fled to his native Italy, where he remained under the pseudonym Mike Boda until his death. He was never brought to trial for his admitted crimes, which are supposed to include the detonation of the Milwaukee bomb of November 1917 (see Activities). The Wall Street bombing case was never officially closed.[13]